• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.283-284
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• 1985

It was previously reported that the petroleum ether fraction of the Korean ginseng root shows cytotoxic activities against L1210, L5178Y, Hela cell and Sarcoma 180 cell (1). In this study the cytotoxic substance against L1210 cell was isolated over a silica gel column and a preparative HPLC, followed by the cytotoxic assay (2).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2006

국내의 대표적인 생약재중에 하나인 고려인삼의 최근 5년간 연구 동향 및 기술개발현황을 살펴보기 위하여 한국과학 기술정보연구원(KISTI), 한국정보과학원(KISS), 농림부, 농림기술관리센터(ARPC)등에 공개된 연구보고서 및 학술, 학위 논문자료 등 총 332건의 연구결과를 조사, 분석하였다. 그 결과 연구개발 주체별로 보면 최근 인삼관련 연구는 주로 기타 민간비영리단체 및 개인에 의한 보고 자료가 절반 이상을 차지하였고 그 다음은 대학, 공공기관 순으로 나타나 공공기관의 역할 증대가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 연구주제별로는 토양 및 재배방법 같은 재배 및 농학적 연구가 주를 이루었으며 약리효능별 인삼 연구 분야에서는 세포 생리학적 연구 및 생식기능 연구가 많은 비중을 차지하였다. 임상연구는 비교적 미미한 수준이었으며 기능성 식품 및 제품개발 연구분야에서는 고려인삼을 이용한 다양한 식품개발에 관한 연구가 2005년까지는 주를 이루고 있었다. 최근 5년간 국내 인삼관련 특허기술 총 312건을 국제표준 기술 분류별로 분석한 결과에서는 식품관련 기술, 의약용 제제개발 기술, 효소, 미생물 관련 발효기술, 농수산관련 기술 순으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.313-316
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• 1977

The patterns of saponins of lateral gingengs cultivated different areas and various ginseng products were investigated by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. In the case of ginseng cultivated in the Kum San and Gang Hwa area, some parts of the panaxatriol series of the saponins (peak 6 and 7.8.9) were higher in concentration than in ginseng grown in other areas while the other ingredients were almost the same. In the process of heat treatment the quantity of peak 2 was generally decreased. However, in the case of red and white ginseng, one part of the panaxatriol saponins, peak 6 was increased. This tendency was also found in honeyed ginseng and ginseng tea which were not exposed to sunlight, but the increase was much less. The change in the red and white ginseng which were exposed to sunlight was very substantial. Therefore we can assume that the increase of peak 6 comes about due to the combination of heat treatment and exposure to sunlight, especially due to exposure to sunlight.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to provide basic information for developing a high-value ginseng product using ginseng saponin and prosapogenin. In order to achieve the proposed objective ginsenoside compositions of Black (BG) and Red (RG) ginseng extract with 95% ethyl alcohol were examined by means of HPLC. The crude saponin and ginsenoside composition of processed ginseng products were analyzed and compared, with BG topping the list with a crude saponin content of 7.53%, followed by RG (5.29%). Ginseng prosapogenin (ginsenosides $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rg_6$, $Rh_1$, $Rh_4$, $Rk_1$, $Rk_3$, $F_1$ and $F_4$) in BG was found to be contained almost 2.6 times as much as that in RG. Ginsenosides $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rk_1$, $Rh_4$ and $F_4$ in BG in particular were found to be almost 3 times as much as those in RG. $Rg_6$ and $Rk_3$ in BG were also found to be almost 4 times as much as those in RG.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.812-816
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• 2007

To overcome the problem of ginseng's earthy smell in the manufacture of ginseng wine, we used dried ginseng powder that was extrusion-cooked at $125-168^{\circ}C$ in the wine making process. By using a ginseng powder that was extrusion-cooked at higher temperatures, fermentation by Maillard reaction products (MRPs) was delayed, and the acidic pH that results from extrusion cooking was improved. At $15^{\circ}C$ with glucose instead of sucrose, an addition of 0.5%(w/v) diammonium phosphate (DAP) to the $125^{\circ}C$ extrusion-cooked ginseng powder reduced the primary fermentation time to 11 days versus 33 days without DAP. In the absence of DAP, by increasing the fermentation temperature from 15 to $30^{\circ}C$, increasing the starter yeast inoculate from 0.02 to 1 %, and by increasing the amount of ginseng extrudate from 1 to 2%, fermentation time was effectively reduced more than 10-fold. The results of this study may provide information for the alcohol fermentation of materials containing MRPs as well as for poor nitrogen sources.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1993년도 학술대회지
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• pp.206-214
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• 1993

Ginseng saponins have been known as main active principles and analyzed as the index components in ginseng and its products for quality control. But it is generally difficult to analyze the saponins in crude drug preparations. Saponins, Prosapogenins and sapogenins of crude drug preparation were identified by TLC and determined quantitatively by HPLC. $Prosapogemins-Rg_3\;-Rg_2\;and\;{\Delta}^{20}-prosapogenin$ were extracted with ethyl acetate from $50\%$ acetic acid hydrolyzates of saponin fractions and identified by TLC with lower phase of $CHCl_3/MeOH/H_2$ O\65:35:10. v/v)on silica gel plate, and quantified by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with $CH_3CN/H_2O(90:10,\;v/v).$ Sapogenins. panaxadiol and panaxatriol. were extracted with ethyl ether from $7\%-sulfuric$ acid hydrolyzates of saponin fractions and identified by TLC with chloroform/acetone(1 : 1 v/v) on silica gel plate. and quantified by HPLC on u - Bondapak $C^{18}$ column with $CH_3CN/MeOH/CHCl_3(83:10:7.\;v/v).$ These analyses of prosapogenins and sapogenins are more useful for quality control than those of saponins in crude drug preparations such as So - Shi - Ho - Tang(소시호탕), Sa - Kun - Ja - Tang(사군자탕), Yook - Kun - Ja - Tang(육군자탕), and In - Sam -Tang(인삼탕)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2011

We previously reported that in vitro anti-platelet activity of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (TCMG) ethanol extracts show improved efficacy when compared with commercial ginseng products such as Korean red ginseng and Panax ginseng. However, information on the anti-platelet activity of the ethyl acetate fraction from TCMG adventitious roots is limited. Therefore, in this study, we further investigated the effects of an ethyl acetate extract of TCMG (EA-TCMG) adventitious roots on in vitro antiplatelet activity in whole human blood and its effect on peripheral blood flow in mice. We found that EA-TCMG inhibited platelet aggregation with $IC_{50}$ values of 271, 180, and 147 ${\mu}g$/mL induced by collagen, adenosine-5'-diphosphate, and arachidonic acid, respectively. Among the three agonists used, thromboxane $A_2$ formation induced by arachidonic acid was markedly suppressed. Furthermore, EA-TCMG improved the peripheral circulatory disturbance by improving vascular blood flow. In conclusion, these results suggest that ethyl acetate extracts from TCMG adventitious roots might inhibit vascular platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities of Panax ginseng extracted with various solvents including n-hexane, chloroform, EtOAC, n-butanol and water. Among the various ginseng extracts, ethyl acetate (EtOAC) extracts showed the most powerful scavenging activities against DPPH radicals. Among the other solvent extracts, the butanol extract seemed relatively more effective in scavenging activity, followed by chloroform, water and hexane extracts. Moreover, the highest reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity were found in the EtOAC extract followed by other extracts of ginseng. EtOAC extracts, which exhibited the best antioxidant activities of all solvent extracts of ginseng, possessed higher concentrations of total phenolics (777.61 mg/100 g) than other extracts. These results suggest that EtOAC extracts of ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) have the most effective antioxidant capacity compared to n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water tested in this study, and has important applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.244-247
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• 2010

It's crucial to control Alternaria blight and Anthracnose emerging mostly on ginseng leaves during the rainy season to increase the organic ginseng products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficay of lime-brodeaux spray on the ginseng leaves and evaluate the growth and yield of the ginseng, and the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extracts from 3-year-old ginseng variety, Cheonpoong. Lime-bordeaux sprayings were conducted in the ratio of 6-6 in June, 8-8 from July to September every 15 days. After June 10, the spraying have no effects on the growth leaf and stem, and there was no significant increase in chlorophyll contents. The ratio of intact leaf and root were distinctly increased because Alternaria blight and Anthracnose were decreased by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture. Root weight per plant and root yield were increased by 15%, and 62% in 3-year old ginseng, respectively, because the ratio of intact leaf and root were higher by using lime-bordeaux mixture. Furthermore, spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture is prone to increase the ratio of rusty root in ginseng. Spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture decreased both of the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extract by 13.7%, and 15.2% in 3-year-old ginseng, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.134-148
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• 2021

Background: Lung cancer has a high incidence worldwide, and most lung cancer-associated deaths are attributable to cancer metastasis. Although several medicinal properties of Panax ginseng Meyer have been reported, the effect of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and self-renewal in A549 cells is relatively unknown. Methods: We treated TGF-β1 or alternatively Rk1 and Rg5 in A549 cells. We used western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), wound healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, and anoikis assays to determine the effect of Rk1 and Rg5 on TGF-mediated EMT in lung cancer cell. In addition, we performed tumorsphere formation assays and real-time PCR to evaluate the stem-like properties. Results: EMT is induced by TGF-β1 in A549 cells causing the development of cancer stem-like features. Expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, decreased and an increase in vimentin expression was noted. Cell mobility, invasiveness, and anoikis resistance were enhanced with TGF-β1 treatment. In addition, the expression of stem cell markers, CD44, and CD133, was also increased. Treatment with Rk1 and Rg5 suppressed EMT by TGF-β1 and the development of stemness in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Rk1 and Rg5 markedly suppressed TGF-β1-induced metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP2/9) activity, and activation of Smad2/3 and nuclear factor kappa B/extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (NF-kB/ERK) pathways in lung cancer cells. Conclusions: Rk1 and Rg5 regulate the EMT inducing TGF-β1 by suppressing the Smad and NF-κB/ERK pathways (non-Smad pathway).