• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2006

We investigated the secretion of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) from ginviva and periodontal ligament stimulated with Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP). Gingiva (GF), periodontal ligament (PDLF) and pu)p (PF) tissues were collected from extracted intact 3rd molars. Cultured cells were stimulated with different concentrations of SP for 4 hrs, and stimulated with SP, CGRP and Tumor Necrosis Factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) for 8 hrs. Then RNase Protection Assay was carried out. ELISA was performed using supernatants of stimulated cells for quantitative analysis of IL-8. Results were assessed using student t-test with significance of P<0.05. According to this study, the results were as follows: 1. IL-8 mRNA was detected in all type of cells studied (PF, GF and PDLF) 2. IL-8 mRNA expression was not increased after stimulating 4 hrs with SP ($10^{-5}M$) and SP ($10^{-8}M$) compared with Mock stimulation in all type of cells studied. 3. IL-8 mRNA expression was not increased after stimulating 8 hrs with SP ($10^{-4}M$) and CGRP ($10^{-6}M$) compared with Mock stimulation in all type or cells studied. 4. TNF-$\alpha$ (2 ng/ml) increased the expression of IL-8 mRNA in all kind of cells studied. 5. The secretion of IL-8 from GF was increased 8 hrs after the stimulation with CGRP ($10^{-6}M$)(p<0.05). 6. The secretion of IL-8 from PDLF was. increased 8 hrs after the stimulation with SP ($10^{-4}M$)(p<0.05). Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) increased Interleukin-8 (IL-8) which plays an important role in chemotaxis of neutrophil in Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) gingival tissue , whereas Substance P increased the secretion of IL-8 from periodontal ligament.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2003

The p53 protein was discovered in 1979 as cellular 53-kD nuclear phosphoprotein bound to the large transforming antigen of SV40 virus. $P21^{WAF1/CIP1}$, which has been described as the critical downstream mediator of p53, is known to suppress DNA replication and arrest the G1 cell cycle by quaternary complex with cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA). In these days, some studies shows that the p21 can be induced by independent pathways. There are various reports about the expression of p21 (67%.82.4%) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. But these studies are mostly done in malignant tumor not in benign tumor. So we decided to study the expression of p21 in ameloblastoma and the relationship between p53 and p21 as a downstream mediator of p53 in ameloblastoma. We investigated the expression of p21 and p53 with the method of immunohistochemistry. We selected 30 cases of ameloblastoma tissue blocks (acanthomatous type: 5 cases, follicular type: 8 cases, plexiform type: 17 cases) imbedded in paraffin. We used 30 cases of normal gingival tissues and 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma tissues (SCC) respectively and compared their results with those of ameloblastoma. We made slides with the streptavidin-biotin methods and used monoclonal antibody DO-7 (Novocastra, Newcastle, United Kingdom) as p53 antibody and monoclonal antibody M7202 (DAKO, California, U.S.A.) as p21 antibody. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyse the relationship. The results were as follows: 1. p21 was expressed in ameloblastoma about 30% and this is lower than that of normal gingiva and SCC. 2. In normal gingiva and ameloblastoma, p21 expression was correlated with p53 expression. 3. In SCC, p21 were expressed about 83.3% and this is more than that of p53. But there was no correlation between p21 and p53 expression. We confirmed p21 expression and relation with p53 in ameloblastoma. But, to confirm the function of p21, more studies about p21 expression in malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma are needed.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.141-147
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• 2013

It has been established that berberine has strong antimicrobial effects. Little is known however regarding the antimicrobial activity of berberine against endodontic pathogenic bacteria or its cytotoxicity in human oral tissue cells. The antibacterial properties of berberine were tested against 5 strains of Enterococcus faecalis and type strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia, which are involved in endodontic infections. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) measurements. The viability of normal human gingival fibroblast (NHGF) cells after exposure to berberine was measured using a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The data showed that berberine has antimicrobial effects against A. actinomycetemcomitans with an MIC and MBC of $12.5{\mu}g/ml$ and $25{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In the cytotoxicity studies, cell viability was maintained at 66.1% following exposure to $31.3{\mu}g/ml$ berberine. Overall, these findings suggest that berberine has antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. Nevertheless, lower concentrations in combination with other reagents will need to be tested before these in vitro results can be translated to clinical use.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.307-317
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characterization of multipotent human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells and to assess their ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue. Methods: PDL stem cells were isolated from 7 extracted human premolar teeth. Human PDL cells were expanded in culture, stained using anti-CD29, -CD34, -CD44, and -STRO-1 antibodies, and sorted by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) served as a positive control. PDL stem cells and GFs were cultured using standard conditions conducive for osteogenic, chondrogenic, or adipogenic differentiation. Results: An average of $152.8{\pm}27.6$ colony-forming units was present at day 7 in cultures of PDL stem cells. At day 4, PDL stem cells exhibited a significant increase in proliferation (p < 0.05), reaching nearly double the proliferation rate of GFs. About $5.6{\pm}4.5%$ of cells in human PDL tissues were strongly STRO-1-positive. In osteogenic cultures, calcium nodules were observed by day 21 in PDL stem cells, which showed more intense calcium staining than GF cultures. In adipogenic cultures, both cell populations showed positive Oil Red O staining by day 21. Additionally, in chondrogenic cultures, PDL stem cells expressed collagen type II by day 21. Conclusions: The PDL contains multipotent stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. This adult PDL stem cell population can be utilized as potential sources of PDL in tissue engineering applications.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.133-149
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• 1998

Clinical application of composite resin recently draw great concerns in dentistry. Especially due to advantages such as esthetics, adhesiveness, simple clinical procedures, various shapes and kinds of composite resins are widely being applied to prosthodontics, conservative dentistry, and orthodontics. But, clinical problems attributable to the polymerization shrinkage of composite resin have been proposed, and we have to regard clinical problems such as secondary caries, loss of restoration, fracture of the surrounding tooth structure, marginal discoloration, and tooth sensitivity, and many portions are remained to be overcome. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze stress distribution between resin and tooth structure which is generated during polymerization shrinkage of composite resin using three dimensional finite element method. Three dimensional finite element models with conventional box-shape cavity and erosion/abrasion type V-shape lesion cavity in upper central incisor were developed. These cavities were filled with four different types of placement techniques. (bulk filling, horizontal increment filling, oblique occlusal increment filling, oblique gingival increment filling) The stresses generated by polymerization shrinkage of composite resin were calculated. The results analyzed with three dimensional finite element method were as follows : 1. The increment filling technique showed the highest maximum normal stress in both conventional box-shape and V-shape cavities and showed a tendency to decrease after complete polymerization. 2. The bulk filling technique resulted in increased stresses during the curing process in both conventional box-shape and V-shape cavities and the highest maximum normal stress occurred after complete polymerization. 3. The bulk filling resulted in the lowest maximum normal stress in both box-shape and V-shape cavities 4. Regardless of placement method, in conventional box-shape cavity, the maximum normal stress increased in dentin floor, enamel, dentin sequence and in V-shape cavity, the maximum normal stress increased in enamel, dentin sequence.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.89-92
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• 2011

Herpes simplex is caused by viruses of the herpesvirus hominus family. HSV have four categories: type 1, 2, 6, and 8. Generally HSV-1 affects the mouth. Once infected by HSV, the person's infection is permanent. Retrograde transport through adjacent neural tissue to sensory ganglia leads to a lifelong latent infection. Recently, we treated a patient with recurrent herpes-stomatitis mimicking acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). The results were satisfactorty so we report this case. 31 years old male patient showed sore throat, gingival ulceration, palpable both submandibular lymph node, and sulcular pus formation around posterior decayed teeth. This is the third time he has suffered from this symptom. Tentative diagnosis was acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Antibiotic therapy was started. But, intraoral symptom got worse in process of time. Especially ulcer of marginal gingiva got worse. Viral disease was suspected. We carried out viral cultivation. At the same time topical application of antiviral ointment (herpecid$^{(R)}$) was performed on oral ulcer unilaterally for the purpose of diagnosis and reducing pain experimentally. The next day pain was decreased dramatically on application area. Basing on the viral cultivation and clinical effect of antiviral ointment (herpecid$^{(R)}$), we have diagnosed it as a recurrent herpes-stomatitis and concluded that viral infection was major cause of disease and bacterial infection was secondary.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2011

Objectives : This study conducted to investigate oral care abilities in diabetic patients to find a good dental method which may efficiently control diabetes. Methods : The diabetic group consisted of 40 patients with type 2 diabetics, while the non-diabetes were 34 persons with no signs of diabetics, who had visited a Public Health Center and dental clinic of a general hospital in Gwangju city from Dec. 2008 to Sep. 2009. Periodontal disease, gingivitis, dental caries, tongue plaque and halitosis between diabetic group and non-diabetic group were examined and at the same time a questionnaire survey was conducted. The data were analyzed with chi-square, t-test, pearson correlation coefficients using the SPSS WIN 15.0 program. Results : The mean values of both the community periodontal index and the gingival index of diabetic group were 2.18 and 1.75, respectively, and those were higher than those (1.79 and 1.50) of non-diabetic group with no statistical significance. The mean saliva secretion of non-diabetics was 16.74 mL, which was higher than 13.90 mL of diabetic patients(p<0.05). The oral care ability(mean 3.10) acquired from plague index in diabetic group was worse than in non-diabetic(mean 2.33). Conclusions : The high blood sugar concentration in diabetic patients causes low saliva secretion and high saliva viscosity, with the results halitosis and periodontal disease take place. This study suggested that good oral care ability of diabetic patients was very helpful to prevent periodontal disease and halitosis. In addition to this, it may reduce complications of diabetic patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.132-136
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• 2000

The cell surface glycoprotein CD44 is a kind of adhesion molecule, which binds hyaluronic acid, type I collagen and fibronectin. Although there have been numerous reports on the expression and the function of CD44 in lymphocytes and macrophages, very little is known about its distribution and definite role in epithelial tissue, especially in oral epithelial one. The present study was performed to investigate the distribution and expression of the CD44 in human gingiva and squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) arising in human gingiva. And the authors compared CD44 expression with histopathologic grade of SCC. The results were as follows: 1. The CD44 was strongly expressed in granular, spinous and basal layers of normal marginal and attached gingiva, in spinous and basal layers of normal sulcular gingiva, and in all epithelial layers of normal junctional gingiva. 2. In SCC of gingiva, the CD44 was expressed in all but one case. In most of the cases the CD44 was expressed at cell membrane and the degree of expression was relatively strong. 3. In low-grade SCC of gingiva, the CD44 was strongly expressed, especially at the basal and spinous layers of abundantly keratinized cancer nests. In high-grade SCC of gingiva, the CD44 expression tended to be weak but was strong at cells showing individual keratinization. This study suggest that the CD44 expression of normal and cancerous gingival epithelium is associated with the degree of proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of study was to compare glycemic control using glycated hemoglobin levels ($HbA_{1c}$) in diabetic patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) undergoing scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without systemic doxycycline. Methods: Fifty subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus ($T_2DM$) and CGP receiving antidiabetic therapy were selected for study. The selected subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (test group [TG] and control group [CG]) comprising 25 patients each. The TG received SRP followed by systemic doxycycline. The CG received treatment with SRP only. The periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline (day zero), and every 1 month for 4 months and included probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival index, and $HbA_{1c}$ level were recorded at baseline (day zero) and at the end of 4 months. Results: A statistically significant effect was demonstrated for the periodontal parameters for both the TG and CG. $HbA_{1c}$ values did not show a statistically significant difference in the treatment group as compared to the CG. Conclusions: The authors concluded that nonsurgical periodontal therapy improved glycemic control in patients with $T_2DM$ in both groups, but no statistical difference was observed with adjunctive systemic doxycycline therapy. A further study with a larger sample size is required.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2012

Burkitt's lymphoma is a malignant tumor originated from B lymphocyte and a type of non-hodgkin lymphoma. It is clinically classified by endemic, sporadic and immune deficient forms. In the past, it had poor prognosis but in recent years survival rate is 50~80% treated by intensive chemotherapeutic regimens. Mostly it is a lesion of the jaws. Clinical symptoms are severe tooth mobility, displacement, gingival redness and swelling. This case is about a patient with aggressively progressing Burkitt's lymphoma of the jaws. Initial diagnosis was done in dental hospital and it has shown satisfactory outcome by prompt and appropriate treatment.