• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.206-213
• /
• 2015

Sunsik has been popular as well-being and healthy food to some Asian people, but it still has a limit to other foreigners because of its taste and appearance. This study tried to modify Sunsik into smoothie type for foreigners and investigate its physicochemical characteristics. Germinated black and brown rice was prepared. The germination condition of two cereals was steeping for 24 hr at room temperature, and then germinating for 24 hr at $30^{\circ}C$. After germination, the ${\alpha}$-amylase activity of germinated grains was 13~15 times higher than before germination. The enzyme activity of brown rice was 9.16 CU/g, but germinated brown rice was 152.63 CU/g. In case of black rice, enzyme activity before germination was 7.47 CU/g, and enzyme activity after germination was 97.96 CU/g. The lactic acid bacteria was grown in 50 g germinated brown rice powder with 100 ml malt solution, 30 g tomato juice, and 1.5 g rice bran. After manufacturing beverage using milk and Sunsik and the cell count of lactic acid bacteria was $1.3{\times}10^5CFU/ml$ enough to use starter. According to sensory test, the optimal concentration of Sunsik smoothie was 30 g Sunsik in 200 ml of milk. The viscosity was $5.97{\pm}1.2$ centipoise. The color of Sunsik beverage was evaluated as L value : $63.50{\pm}0.41$, a value: $-0.35{\pm}0.06$, and b value: $8.85{\pm}0.19$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.261-267
• /
• 1982

The objective of this study was to test germinability of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties at low temperatures. Seeds of III sesame varieties representing different maturity groups and countries were tested at four different temperatures between $10^{\circ}C$ and $16^{\circ}C$. Average germination percentages of III varieties were 92%, 57% and 3.3% at $16^{\circ}C, 14{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$.respectively. The highest daily germination percentage was observed after 4 days of incubation at $16^{\circ}C$, while it was after 8 days at $14^{\circ}C$. A regression analysis indicated that $15^{\circ}C$ as the minimum temperature for satisfactory germination in field conditions. In general, Korean local collections had better germinability than introduced varieties from 6 countries at different latitudes. 'San dong', a Korean local cultivar. showed the highest germination percentage (24%) at $12^{\circ}C$ when the average germination percentage of all varieties was as low as $3.3^{\circ}C$. Early maturity varieties germinated better at $12^{\circ}C$ and $14^{\circ}C$ than medium or late maturity groups, but no difference was observed at $16^{\circ}C$. Although larger seeds showed better germinability within a variety, there seems to be no relationship between seed size and germinability in sesame.in sesame.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 2001

Predehydration effects for cryopreservation in -196$^{\circ}C$ liquid nitrogen were studied in Korean native Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala Kitamura and A. flabellata var. pumila Kudo seeds. Aquilegia species seeds were adjusted to moisture contents between 3.2 and 9.7% by air dry treatments. Seeds were placed in paper envelopes after submerged in liquid nitrogen and rewarming in 38 $^{\circ}C$ water. Seeds moisture contents by duration of drying were identified as controlling factors in the survival of Aquilegia species seeds for cryopreservation. Aquilegia species seeds having approximate 5% moisture content were able to withstand cooling to -l96$^{\circ}C$. Undehydrated seeds of Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala Kitamura after being cryopreservated in liquid nitrogen have a 10.9% of moisture content and show 52.5% in germination. But, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala Kitamura seeds dehydrated by drying for 60 min. to have 6.0% of moisture content before cryopreservation show 84.7% in germination test. Properly dehydrated seeds after being stored in liquid nitrogen showed over 60% in germination rate and also shows an uniform sprouting time,11~13 days in average. Any morphologically deformity in germinating beds has not been observed. Results from this study suggest that Aquilegia species seeds can cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen if the seed moisture content is controled by a proper amount of dehydration.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.103-108
• /
• 1990

Germination test, nutrient culture test and pot experiment were conducted to determine selectivity of naproanilide between rice plants and paddy weeds. Naproanilide more severely inhibited growth of Scirpus juncoides, Sagittaria pygmaea and Cyerus serotinus than that of rice plant and Echinochloa crus-galli at germination stage. Root growth was severely inhibited than that of shoot growth by naproanilide treatment. Naproanilide severely inhibited rice plant and Echinochloa crus-galli at 30 uM, Sagittaria pygmaea at 1 uM and Cyperus serotinus at 10 uM in nutrient culture test, Rice plant and Echinochloa crus-galli did not show the difference of tillers and dry weight, but Scirpus juncoides, Morzochoria vaginalis and Aneilema keisak were severely inhibited at 15g/a and Sagittaria pygmaea and Cyperus serotinus at 30g/a in pot trial.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.484-494
• /
• 2020

Oak wilt disease caused by Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae has emerged obviously in Korea. We selected antifungal isolates against R. quercus-mongolicae among 368 endophytic fungal isolates from different parts of oak and pine trees. The experiment was conducted in the primary and secondary screenings by dual culture test. The antifungal activity of the selected isolates was assessed in culture filtrate test based on the inhibition rates in mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of oak wilt fungus. Five isolates, E089, E199, E282, E409 and E415, showed strong antifungal activity in culture filtrate test, and their antifungal activity decreased on the culture media supplemented with heated culture filtrate. Higher mycelial growth inhibitions on the unheated media were recorded in E409 (Colletotrichum acutatum), E089 (Daldinia childiae), E415 (Alternaria alternata) and E199 (Daldinia childiae) with the inhibition rates of 79.0%, 70.1%, 68.9% and 64.5%, respectively. These isolates also had the higher sporulation inhibitions on unheated media with the rates of 96.8%, 84.2%, 82.8% and 80.5%, respectively. The spore germination of the oak wilt fungus was completely inhibited by E282 (Nectria balsamea) on both unheated and heated media. These results showed that a higher number of potent antifungal isolates against oak wilt fungus was isolated from the petiole compared to the other parts. This study could contribute to the development of biological control approaches for the management of oak wilt disease caused by R. quercus-mongolicae.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 2010

Individual differences of ozone ($O_3$) resistance for seed production, seed germination and seedling development were examined in this study. Five in each healthy and damaged trees of Pinus thunbergii growing in air polluted area for 12 years were chosen based on visible foliar injury and growth. The cones of P. thunbergii, which were collected from healthy and damaged trees, were analyzed for physical characteristics and seeds from the cones were used to test germination percentage under $O_3$ treatment. The germinated seeds were continuously exposed to $O_3$ treatment and the lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes were determined for both seeds and seedlings. The $O_3$ treatment for seed germination and seedling development were conducted at three conditions: control, 150 ppb and 300 ppb of $O_3$. The non-treated seeds from the damaged trees showed 21.6% lower germination than those from the healthy ones. On the $O_3$ treatment of 300 ppb, seed germination decreased approximately 10% for the healthy trees and 19% for the damaged trees compared to that on the control. The seeds from the healthy trees showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) than those from the damaged trees. The activities of GR, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and CAT decreased along with the increasing $O_3$ concentration in two tree grades. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content of seeds was not influenced by $O_3$ treatment for two tree grades. In seedling development, there were no significant differences for length and biomass of needle and root of two tree grades at both the control and 150 ppb of $O_3$. At 300 ppb of $O_3$ treatment, however, the length and biomass of needle and stem decreased for two tree grades but no significant differences was detected in root. The seedlings from the damaged trees were more sensitive to the $O_3$ treatment, showing higher activities of SOD, APX, and CAT and content of MDA compared to those from the healthy tree seedlings. Our results indicate that seed germination and seedling development are vulnerable to increasing $O_3$ concentrations and that attention must be paid to the individual selection of tree species for reforestation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.58 no.4
• /
• pp.432-438
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to compare seed viability among 42 species after ten years of storage in the midterm storage complex ($4^{\circ}C$, 30-40% RH) at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) Korean genebank maintained by the Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea and to suggest the relative seed longevity and suitable monitoring intervals. The germination data from initial tests and after ten years of storage were compared to measure changes in viability during storage. The decline in seed viability varied greatly among seeds from -11.5% for Triticum sp. to 80% for melon. Coriander, crowndaisy, safflower, cosmos, Chinesebellflower, waxgourd, melon, castorbean, Welch-onion, hollyhock, wild barley, and tallfescue showed significant decreases in viability of 34.2%, 73.4%, 36.5%, 30.0%, 40.2%, 71.3%, 80.0%, 65.9%, 45.5%, 51.4%, 53.0%, and 33.5%, respectively. Gardenpea, soybean, perilla, onion, wild rice, Italian-ryegrass, and pepper showed a 15-30% decline in viability, while the viability of morningglory, adzukibean, maize, and Capsicum sp. decreased by 15% to 5%. Chicory, radish, Chinese-cabbage, bottlegourd, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, Cucurbita sp., groundnut, kidneybean, clubwheat, sesame, wheat, Triticum sp., rice, barley, orchardgrass, buckwheat, and wild tomato showed changes in viability of <5%. The changes in storage viability also varied within families. The wild types of rice and barley showed rapid viability loss and presented different aspects from cultivars. Since seed viability of species, classified as index 1 or 2, showed germination losses >15% after ten years of storage, a viability test should be conducted with five year intervals, while species with germination loss of <15% (in index 3 or 4) can be retested at ten year intervals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.443-448
• /
• 2005

Isoflavone content of soymilk prepared with germinated soybean significantly increased. Soymilk prepared with Shinpaldal-2 germinated far 12 hr showed maximum 5.552 mg/g isoflavone. Solid content in soymilk increased from 5.68 to 6.02% for Shinpaldal-2 and from 5.30 to 6.10% for Seomoktae with 24 hr germination. 'L' values of soymilk increased, whereas 'a' and 'b' values decreased. Viscosity of soymilk decreased, while stability increased as germination time increased up to 24 hr, Organoleptic flavor properties of soymilk improved, showing decrease in benny and increase in savory flavors. Acceptance test showed soymilk prepared with 12 hr germinated Shinpaldal-2 showed highest acceptance, while Seomoktae soymilk showed least.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.511-515
• /
• 2010

It was conducted to assess GABA(${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid) producing capacity and vitamin contents of germinated brown rice soaked in different soaking solutions. For germination, samples were soaked in 5% glutamic acid solution and 5% lactic acid solution as test group to investigate GABA producing capacity, and samples soaked in the solution without glutamic acid and lactic acid were set as control groups(rice and non-germinated brown rice). The GABA contents of the samples were $44.80\;{\mu}g/g$ for rice, $59.90\;{\mu}g/g$ for non-germinated brown rice, $146.70\;{\mu}g/g$ for germinated brown rice, $203.20\;{\mu}g/g$ for germinated brown rice soaked in glutamic acid solution and $222.5\;{\mu}g/g$ for germinated brown rice soaked in lactic acid solution, resulting in a significant difference(p<0.05). GABA producing capacity was enhanced by the addition of glutamic acid and lactic acid in the soaking solution for brown rice germination. The GABA contents of the germinated brown rice soaked in lactic acid solution greatly increased, along with increases in niacin and vitamin E contents without losing vitamin $B_1$. In conclusion, the addition of lactic acid in soaking solution is most suitable for germination of brown rice.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.857-871
• /
• 2017

The major substrates used in soilless growing media are peat moss and perlite, where peat moss is a limited and expensive natural resource. Determination of appropriate substrates based on technical and economic feasibility is the vital aspect of research and the key to success in any soilless production system. This research work was performed to evaluate different low-cost and sustainable alternative substrate as soilless growing media for horticulture plant. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of sawdust species and steam treatment, for physico-chemical properties and growth of horticultural plant. This study involves the physical and chemical characterization and growth test of four substrate (pine sawdust, oak sawdust, steamed pine sawdust and steamed oak sawdust) in order to evaluate their use as components of growing media. Steamed oak sawdust ($121^{\circ}C$, 30 min) showed adequate physical and chemical properties compared to peat moss for their use as growing media. The growing media were prepared using different mixture proportion to grow Brassica campestris L., Festuca arundinacea and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. The highest germination, stem length and leaf area of Brassica campestris L., Festuca arundinacea and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya were observed in 30 minute steamed oak sawdust mixture growing media. The steam treatment condition of sawdust used in the growing media significantly positive affected the germination, the stem length and the leaf area.