• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1149-1161
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• 2014

Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem tissue endophytic communities (0.702) was comparatively more uniform than the other two tissues. Eighty endophytic fungi selected from 27 genera were evaluated for their inhibition activity against highly virulent Verticillium dahliae isolate Vd080 in vitro. Thirty-nine isolates exhibited fungistasis against the pathogen at varying degrees. Seven species, having high growth inhibition rates (${\geq}75%$), exhibited strong antifungal activity against V. dahliae. The antifungal activity of both volatile and nonvolatile metabolites was also investigated. The nonvolatile substances produced by CEF-818 (Penicillium simplicissimum), CEF-325 (Fusarium solani), CEF-714 (Leptosphaeria sp.), and CEF-642 (Talaromyces flavus) completely inhibited V. dahliae growth. These findings deepen our understanding of cotton-endophyte interactions and provide a platform for screening G. hirsutum endophytes with biocontrol potential.

• 식물병연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2011

본 연구에서 우리나라 미곡종합처리장의 가공단계별 7종의 쌀 시료에 대한 곰팡이 오염 정도를 조사하였다. 곰팡이독소를 생산하는 곰팡이인 Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp.가 우점하고 있었고, 포장곰팡이인 Fusarium과 Alternaria는 남부지방에 저장곰팡이인 Aspergillus와 Penicillium는 중부지방에 오염이 많았다. 또한 원료벼에서 가공단계가 진전될수록 Fusarium과 Alternaria와 같은 포장곰팡이의 오염 정도는 낮아졌으나 심하게 오염된 전라도 시료에서는 크게 낮아지지 않는 경향을 보였다. Aspergillus와 Penicillium과 같은 저장 곰팡이의 오염 정도는 가공단계가 진전될수록 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 7종의 쌀 시료에는 총 35종의 곰팡이 속(genus)이 오염되어 있었으며 이 중 Myrothecium spp.는 우리나라 쌀 시료에서 처음으로 검출되었다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라의 주식인 쌀의 수확 후 저장, 가공과정의 곰팡이독소의 오염을 종합적으로 관리하기 위한 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

Asian Dust samples were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, Western Korea, in spring of 2000∼2002. PM (Particulate Matter) concentrations were 199,8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the first Asian Dust period (March, 23∼24) and 249.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the second period (April, 7∼9) of 2000. Compared with the concentrations in 2000, relatively low PM concentrations, 157.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ were measured in the periods of 2001 (April, 24∼26). Especially high PM concentration 953.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ were measured in the periods of 2002 (March, 21∼22). The variation in the PM concentration was observed according to the time for the formation of Asian dust. Considering the particle size distributions of Asian dust, a high concentration was also observed in coarse particle region. The results of backward trajectory model showed the route of the dust storms from northern area of Mongol and Gobi desert. Various mycelia grown from fungal spores were observed on the PM samples and identified at the genus level. All the genera from the three years (2000∼2002), Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Basipetospora, Epicoccum and Monotospora are hyphomycetes in the division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota). Fungal composition on the dust sample in March, 2000 was similar to the result of March, 2002. However, the result of April, 2001 was obviously different from the other dust periods. The variations of fungal compositions between the dust periods could be caused by the trajectories of the dust storms.

• 환경생물
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.240-244
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• 2003

Conidia of molds within the Asian dust were captured in the ambient air of mid-west Korea, in springtime of 2000~2002. An eight-stage Cascade impactor and 0.22 $\mu\textrm{m}$ pore size membrane filters were used for the dust samples. Several kinds of molds grown from the samples were identified to the genus level. Those are Aspergillus, Basipetospora, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Monotospora and Penicillium. Relatively diversified mycelia of hyphomycetes were grown on the fine dust sample (1.1~2.1 $\mu\textrm{m}$) in the first year Asian dust episode (23~24 March, 2000). On the other hand, some fluffy molds and dark molds aggregations were grown on even the backup particle sample less than 0.43 $\mu\textrm{m}$ during the second year episode (24~26 April, 2001). The result of the last year episode (21~22 March, 2002) showed various mycelia grown on the sample contained from 1.1 to 2.1 $\mu\textrm{m}$ sized particles, just like the result of the first year episode (23~24 March, 2000). These variations between the episodes might be caused by the difference of the dust origins.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2002

PM (Particulate Matter) samples contained fungal spores were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, west Korea, in springtime of 2000 and 2001. PM concentrations were $199.8\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 1st Asian Dust Storm period (March, 23 ~ 24) and $249.4\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 2nd period (April, 7~9), 2000. Compared with the concentrations in 2000, relatively low PM concentration ($157.3\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ ) was measured in the Asian Dust Storm period (April, 24 ~ 20) of 2001. Although there were somewhat differences for the total PM concentrations among the three periods, majorities of the PM were composed of coarse particles sized about 5 ~ 6 $\mu{m}$ over the periods of the two years. Diverse molds grown from fungal aerosols were observed in the PM samples and identified at the genus level. All the genera, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Basipetospora, Epicoccum and Monotospora are hyphomycetes in the division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota). Especially, morphologically more diversified mycelia of hyphomycetes were grown on the fine PM sample (1.1 ~ 2.1 $\mu{m}$) than coarse PM samples in the periods of 2000. Furthermore, some molds were grown on even the background PM sample less than 0.43 $\mu{m}$ in the period of 2001. It was thought that some kinds of ultra fine sized fungal spores were transported by the Asian Dust Storm and suspended in the ambient air of study area during the events.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권13호
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• pp.96-112
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• 1992

We made biological investigation on the conservational environment of collections in the Ho Am museum. Annual average temperature and relative humidity outside the museum were $11. 0∼11.7^{\circ}C$ and 64.8∼74.4% respectivey. On the other hand, average annual temperature and relative humidity inside the main storage were $19.1∼20.1^{\circ}C$ and 53.0∼63.4%. We isolated fungi and classified into 8 genus 13species fungi and selected four fungi having high cellulotic activity such as Alternaria brassicae KCPRI 9202, Aspergillus niger KCPRI 9205, Aspergillusversicolor KCPRI 9206, Penicillium adametzi KCPRI 9208. These fungi were examined on the posibility of collections being damaged under current conservation al environment in the museum. KCPRI 9208 was non-tonophilic fungus and other were facutative tonophilic fungi. These showed maximal cellulotic activity of enzymeshaking culture at pH 5.0∼5.5 for 4 and 5 days. In proprtion to the period damaged, cellulase activity for paper damaged artifically with growing worse of material. As are sult cellulotic activity by fungi increased.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.302-308
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• 1992

Seven genera and 15 species of fungi were isolated from 50 samples of then different steps of dried onion (5 samples of each step) collected from an onion factory in Sohag Governorate, Egypt, and grown on glucose-Czapek's agar (7 genera and 15 species) and 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's (2 genera and 6 species). The average total counts of fungi were gradually decreased throughout the different steps of drying from 2090 to zero and 152 to zero colonies/g on glucose-Czapek's agar and 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's agar media, respectively. Aspergillus was the most common genus on the two types of media used. The dominant species were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Fusarium of oxysporum on glucose-Czapek's agar and A. terreus and A. niger on 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's agar. The chloroform extracts of different samples were tested for the presence of mycotoxins using thin layer chromatographic analysis. The results indicated that aflatoxin was present at concentrations decreased throughout the different steps of the drying from step No. 1, onion bulbs, $120\;{\mu}g/kg$; to step No. 8, standard A, $20\;{\mu}g/kg$ while step Nos. 9 & 10 (completely dry powdered onion) were free from aflatoxin. Citrinin was also present in the first three steps at concentrations gradually decreased from 30 to 10 mg/kg.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.254-264
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• 2022

Built in the 6th and 7th centuries during the Baekje period, the Buyeo Royal Tombs consist of seven tombs, including Tomb No. 1, which contains murals. To preserve Tomb No. 1 from damage caused by microorganisms, periodic microbial-distribution investigations are conducted. Following such investigations in August 2016, June 2018, and November 2019, the microbes were classified according to the investigation period, location of collection, and space. This study compares and analyzes the results. The concentration of airborne microorganisms in Tomb No. 1 and the number of microbial genera identified in each space of the tomb decreased as proximity to the main room with murals diminished. During the investigation period, the genera Bacillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Streptomyces were commonly identified on Tomb No. 1. The microorganisms collected from the main room walls were mostly isolated from the east and west walls where the genera Bacillus, Cupriavidus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces were commonly identified in three or more walls. In particular, the genus Streptomyces is a dangerous strain capable of damaging murals by penetrating into and discoloring the pigments on them. The data generated from this study may be useful for future research on microbial distribution in other domestic mural tombs and those located in North Korea and abroad.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2014

균상느타리버섯에서 발생하는 곰팡이 병해 중에서 가장 많은 문제를 발생하는 것은 Trichoderma disease 또는 green mould 등으로 불리우는 푸른곰팡이병이다. 이 병은 Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus 등의 속(genus)에 포함되는 종들에 의해 발병되는 병을 총칭하는 것으로 발생빈도와 피해가 가장 큰 것은 Trichoderma 속의 병원균에 의해 발생하였다. 느타리버섯 균상에 분리된 병원균은 T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, Trichoderma virens, T atroviride, T. hazianum, T. pseudokoningii 6종이었으며, 발생빈도가 높은 것은 T. virens, T. hazianum, T. longibrachiatum 3종이었고, 각각의 균은 배양적 특성 및 병원성도 각기 다른 특성을 보이고 있었다. T. longibrachiatum 균사생장이 매우 빠르고, 포자형성이 빠르며, 특히 후막포자형성이 잘되는 특성을 있으며, 후기에는 진한 녹색으로 변색된다. Trichoderma koningii는 균사생장은 빠르고, 공중균사가 많은 편이며, 포자는 공중균사에 밀집되어 형성된다. 특히 Trichoderma virens 같은 경우에는 포자형성에 의한 색깔변화가 느리며, 감염후기에 발견되어 그 피해가 심한 편이었다. Trichoderma atroviride. 균사생장은 보통이며, 포자형성은 공중균사에 드물게 형성되며, 후기에는 진녹색을 띤다. 이균의 특징은 coconut 냄새와 유사한 향기가 나는 것이다. T. hazianum은 초기에는 균사가 백색으로 매우 빠르고, 공중균사에 포자가 형성하며, 후기에는 진한 녹색으로 변색된다. 공중 균사에 형성된 포자는 육안적으로 pustules or tufts의 형태를 나타내었다. Trichoderma pseudokoningii 균사생장은 빠르며, 포자형성은 접종부위를 중심으로 형성되며, 후기에는 환무니를 형성하며, 특히 배지 색이 변색되고 후막포자 잘 형성되는 특징이 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 독도에 자생하는 5종의 식물, 비짜루, 갯괴불주머니, 왕김의 털, 땅채송화, 갯강아지풀을 채집하였다. 독도의 자생식물 뿌리로부터 33 주의 내생진균을 분리하였다. 분리된 모든 내생진균류들은 ITS1, 5.8s와 ITS2를 포함하는 ITS영역의 서열에 의해 분석되었다. 그리고 내생진균류의 배양여과액을 이용하여 난장이벼 유묘에 처리하여 식물생장촉진활성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 땅채송화로부터 분리된 D-So-1-1 내생진균이 가장 우수한 식물생장촉진활성을 나타내었다. 그리고 분리된 모든 내생진균는 자낭균문의 Eurotiales (86%), Capnodiales (3%), Hypocreales (4%), 및 Incertae sedis (7%)에 속하는 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 내생진균류를 속으로 분류하였을 때, Aspergillus (12%), Cladosporium (3%), Eurotium (3%), Fusarium (18%), Microsphaeropsis (6%), 및 Penicillium (58%)인 것으로 나타났다.