• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.217-226
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• 2004

One hundred isolates of Magnaporthe grisea from Korea and China were characterized for pathogenicity using eight Korean differential varieties(KDV), six Chinese differential varieties(CDV) and six near isogenic lines(NILs) developed in China. The restriction length polymorphism of M. grisea isolates from each country also was analyzed using MGR586 as a probe. One hundred Korean isolates classified into 17 races on KDV were grouped into 29 pathotypes on Chinese near isogenic lines(NILs). Virulence of 46% of Korean isolates against all the six Chinese NILs indicated that the current six Chinese NILs alone was not enough to be used as differential varieties in Korea. Especially, susceptibility of the BL1 carrying resistance gene Pi-b to 70% of tested Korean isolates suggested that BL1(Pi-b) may not be a useful resistance source to Korean blast. Based on the virulence assays of M. grisea populations from each country were divided into two groups. About 50% of Chinese isolates showed similarity to the 30% of the Korean isolates. Especially, the isolates from northern part of China, where Japonica rice cultivars were grown, showed high similarity to the Korean isolates, while isolates from southern part of China, where Indica rice were mainly grown, showed low similarity to Korean isolates. The genome RFLPs of Korean isolates were quite different from those of southern part of China using MGR586 as a probe. These data indicated that the physiological and genetical characteristics of M. grisea population might be determined by strong interaction with cultivated rice.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1999

Drug delivery to the brain may be achieved by producing chimeric peptide, attaching the drug to protein 'vectors' which are transported into the brain from the blood by a receptor-mediated transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Since the BBB expresses high concentrations of transferrin receptor, and it was reported that anti-transferrin receptor mouse monoclonal antibody (OX26) undergoes transcytosis through the BBB, it is logical to assume that a drug delivery system via transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis is a promising strategy. In the present study, therefore, we tested feasibility of several OX26 based vectors for the brain delivery of a model drug. Avidin-based delivery vectors such as OX26-streptavidin (OX26-SA), OX26-neutralite avidin (OX26-NLA) were chemically synthesized vectors and OX26 immunoglobulin G 3 type $C_{H}3$ fusion avidin $(OX26\;IgG3C_H3-AV)$ was genetically engineered. To improve the efficiency of producing chimeric peptide, we used avidin-biotin technology. Pharmacokinetics of $[^3H]biotin$ bound to OX26-SA, OX26-NLA and $OX26\;IgG3C_H3-AV$ was determined by intravenous injection technique, and their stabilities in plasma were analyzed using HPLC. The brain delivery of $[^3H]biotin$ bound to OX26-SA, OX26-NLA and OX26\;$IgG3C_{H}3-AV$ (expressed as %ID/g brain) was $0.22{\pm}0.01$, $0.18{\pm}0.01$ and $0.25{\pm}0.09$, respectively. The areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for OX26-SA, OX26-NLA, $OX26\;IgG3C_H3-AV$ from time zero to 60 min were $209{\pm}10$, $195{\pm}9$, $134{\pm}29\;%ID\;min/ml$ respectively and their total clearances $(CL_{tot})$ were $1.00{\pm}0.09$, $1.08{\pm}0.07$ and $1.54{\pm}0.29\;ml/min/kg$, espectively. These results showed that these vectors possess preferable pharmaceutical (e.g., resonable stability) and pharmacokinetics (e.g., significant brain uptake and enhanced AUC) for brain delivery. Therefore, these vectors may be broadly useful in the brain delivery of drugs that are not transported into the brain to a significant extent.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 1996

This study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of mulberry fruits using insulin-dependent and/or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal models. The administration of mulberry fruit did not affect either body wight or blood glucose level in the normal ICR mice and streptozotocin induced-type I diabetic mice group. In second experiment, prolonged mulberry fruits treatment did not significantly attenuate the blood glucose level in type I diabetes induced by streptozotocin. In third experiment, the antidiabetic effect of mulberry fruits have been investigated using type II diabetes animal model that was induced by administration of streptozotocin to 2-day-old rats. Significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed in prolonged mulberry fruits treated group. In these treated group, the weight of liver significantly decreased than that of control group. In fourth experiment using KK mice showing genetical type II diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance has been significantly recovered in mulberry fruits treated group but not in control group. In conclusion, prolonged administration of mulberry fruits significantly reduced the blood glucose level in type II diabetic animals. However, the blood glucose level was not significantly reduced by prolonged mulberry treatment. These data suggest that mulberry fruits can be developed as functional food that has effect on the insulin-independent diabetus mellitus(type II daibetus mellitus).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2014

We conducted investigations into the morphological characterstics and chemical compositions of the microlites included in the obsidians from the North Korean side Baekdusan (NK) and in the obsidian artefacts from the Busan Gadeokdo prehistoric site (BG). The morphology of the microlites from the NK can be divided into three groups, and trichite-acicular and trichite-asteroidal types are predominant. On the other hand the microlites from the BG show various morphological features such as acicular, margarite, lath, and asteroidal types. Silicate microlites from the NK are mostly of Ca-pyroxene compositions (hedenbergite to augite), whereas those from the BG are mostly of biotite (annite) with small amount of clinopyroxene (ferrosilite). It is well understood that the microlites from the NK are different from those from the BG in terms of the morphology, mineral content and mineral composition. Thus the obsidian aretefacts from the Busan Gadeokdo prehistoric site seem to have no genetical relationship to the obsidians from the Baekdusan.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 2011

Purpose: It is generally believed that alopecia is caused by various factors such as scars, stress, genetical factors, androgens, etc. Androgenic alopecia is one of the most common cause of alopecia and found mainly in males. Propecia (Merck & Co., USA) and Minoxidil (McNEIL-PPC, Inc, USA) were the drugs approved from FDA for treatment of androgenic alopecia. Surgical treatments such as flap, tissue expansion, scalp reduction and hair transplantation can be considered if necessary. Hair micrograft techniques were developed for natural hair shapes and minimal adverse effect. There were attempts to measure the length of the forehead of the Korean young adults. However attempts to classify the shape and location of forehead hairline were rare. This study attempted to find out standard hairlines of young adults in their 20s & 30s and the result would be the guideline of the hairline in hair replacement surgery of male patients in their 40s & 50s. Methods: 200 male adults in 20s and 30s were photographed and measured the length of 11 vertical index lines to determine hairline. The indexes are the distances from hairline to intercanthal midpoint (A), to medial canthus (B), to upper eyelid fissure (C), to lower eyelid fissure (D), to lateral canthus (E) and distance from lateral highest point to medial lowest point, if the hairline is M-shape (F). Additionally, we classified the hairlines into 4 groups, M, horizontal, inverted U and irregular shapes. Results: The most common hairline of male adults in their 20s is inverted U-shape (53.3%), followed by horizontal-shape, M-shape, irregular-shape. In their 30s, inverted U-shape (59%) is followed by irregular-shape, M-shape, horizontal-shape. The M-shape is more frequently found in males in 30s than those in 20s. The mean values of the indexes in their 20s are as follows: A (76.14 mm), B (Rt: 75.78 mm, Lt:76.41 mm), C (Rt: 69.43 mm, Lt: 69.92 mm), D (Rt: 76.92 mm, Lt:77.46 mm), E (Rt: 64.16 mm, Lt: 64.73 mm), F (4.09 mm). Those in their 30s are as follows: A (76.13 mm), B (Rt: 76.114 mm, Lt: 76.02 mm), C (Rt: 69.87 mm, Lt: 70.37 mm), D (Rt: 77.37 mm, Lt: 77.58 mm), E (Rt: 69.63 mm, Lt: 69.85 mm), F (6.14 mm). Conclusion: The knowledge about human body measurement is indispensable to plastic surgeons. In this study, inverted U shape is the most common type of hairline in 30s, and similar distribution is found in 20s. The percentage of M shape in their 30s is elevated more than 10% compared to that in their 20s. The study of hairline shapes and 11 indexes of hairlines can be useful for planning of the hair transplantation and postoperative evaluation. This study being based on photogrammetry, there may be differences between actual distance of curved face and projected distance on flat photographs.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2016

Mushroom surveys and collections were conducted in the western and eastern forest areas in Cambodia, and then fungal biodiversity was analyzed by identifying mushrooms. One thousand and three hundreds eighty three specimens were identified by morphological and genetical characteristics, and were classified into 238 species, 160 genera, 52 families, 15 orders, and 3 phylums. The collected mushrooms were immersed in 70% ethyl alcohol for DNA extraction, and the rest of them were dried in the portable mushroom dryer for 12 hrs. Among these mushrooms, the genera Mycena (8.7%), Ganoderma (5.6%), Microporus (5.3%), Marasmius (4.2%), Marasmiellus (3.0%), Phellinus (2.5%), Trametes (2.5%), Hygrocybe (1.9%) and Pycnoporus (1.5%) were dominant. In the western Cambodia, 1,061 specimens were collected from Koh Kong forests, while 263 specimens were collected from the eastern Cambodia, Seima and Mondulkiri forests. Elevations of surveyed sites were ranged from 0 to 750 m above sea level. The number of species observed in the elevation of 251-500 m was the highest as compared to the other ranges of elevation. Daldinia concentrica, Microporus vernicipes, Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus coccineus, Stereum hirsutum, and Stereum ostrea were commonly distributed in all ranges of elevation, while the distribution of Ceratomyxa fruticulosa, Panus fulvus, Schizophyllum, Trametes versicolor, and Tyromyces chioneus were limited under 500 m. One hundred and forty one species including Amauroderma sp., Bjerkandera adusta, Trichaptum abietinum, and Tyromyces chioneus were collected only in Cardamom, while 20 species including Auricularia auricula-judae, Coriolopsis sanguinaria, Rigidoporus microporus, and Xylaria polymorpha were collected only in Seima. Ganoderma sp., Mycena sp., Marasmius sp., Microporus xanthopus, Phellinus sp., and Russula sp. were dominant species in both the western and eastern Cambodia. Species diversity indices in the eastern and western survey sites were 1.83 and 1.77, respectively, while evenness indices were 0.92 and 0.90. The species similarity index between two survey sites was 0.42.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2009

This study was carried out to screen and identify the chitinase and chitosanase producing microorganisms from the feces of calves medicated DFM sincluding chitin in order to do the immune fortification of Korean Native calves. Ten isolates were grown in the medium containing chitin and chitosan that had more than $10^5$ cfu/g in feces. Among these 10 strains, 2 strains (HANDI 110 and HANDI 309) had the chitinase activities and 2 strains (HANWOO and HANYOO) had the chitosanase activities in calves' feces. They showed no reaction in hemolysis tests by utilizing chitin and chitosan. The results from morphological, physicochemical and genetical identification indicated the HANDI 110 as a strain of Escherichia fergusonii, HANDI 309 was identified as a strain of Acinetobacter parvus, HANWOO was identified as a strain of Comamonas koreensis, and HANYOO as a strain of Chryseobacterium indologenes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2008

Variation of chalkiness expression in milled waxy rice with the moisture contents of grains was investigated using instrument and naked eye evaluation methods. To find out any effects of varieties and harvesting times on the chalkiness development, rice grains of seven waxy varieties harvested at early, optimal and late times were tested after being sun-dried to have three different moisture contents of about $13.0{\sim}14.5%$, $14.5{\sim}16.0%$ and above 16.0%. The moisture contents of rice grains were distributed in the ranges of about 13.0% to 17.5% with the drying intensity right after harvesting. Although there were some genetical variations in whiteness and degree of transparency of milled rice grains among varieties at the same condition, chalkiness was most significantly affected by the changes of moisture content in all waxy varieties and harvesting times. At the moisture content less than 13.5%, all varieties exhibited waxy unique chalkiness, and at the moisture ranges between 13.5% and 14.0% the chalkiness was more or less affected by harvesting time and varieties. At the moisture content ranges between 14.0% and 16.0%, chalkiness gradually disappeared as with the increase of moisture content. However the degrees of chalkiness loses were strongly depended on individual kernels by showing as if the number of non-waxy rice kernels would be increasing in waxy rice grains with the moisture content increase. At the moisture content above about 16.0%, all waxy kernels lost their unique chalkiness, and showed non-waxy rice appearance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.649-658
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• 1995

In order to estimate the level of genetic differences among the pleuronectid species, mitochondrial DNAs were isolated from four species: brown sole, Limanda herensteini; marbled sole, Limanda Yokohamae; stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus; starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, and the number of nucleotide substitutions was calculated by the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFIPs) generated by f4 sin base recognition restriction endonucleases. Total lengths of the mitochondrial DNA were measured as about 17.6 kbp in all species. Ten different composite genotypes were observed in brown sole, four different genotypes in marbled sole, and two different genotypes in starry flounder. However, only one genotype was observed in stone flounder. The calculated haplotypic diversity value of brown sole was higher than that of marbled sole. The average number of nucleotide substitutions per sites in four species was estimated to be 0.0045 in the intraspecies, 0.0344 in the interspecies, and 0.0457 in the genera, respectively. From these results, we could estimate that the genetic differences among interspecies were not influenced by nucleotide substitutions but genetical discontinuous.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.180-186
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• 2021

Typical bacterial symptoms, water-soaking brown and black leaf spots with yellow halo, were observed on watermelon seedlings in nursery and field of Gyeongnam and Jeonnam provinces. Bacterial isolates from the lesion showed strong pathogenicity on watermelon and zucchini. One of them was rod-shaped with 4 polar flagella by observation of transmission electron microscopy. They belonged to LOPAT group 1. The phylogenical trees with nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and multi-locus sequencing typing with the 4 house-keeping genes (gapA, gltA, gyrB, and rpoD) of the isolates showed they were highly homologous to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and grouped together with them, indicating that they were appeared as P. syringae genomospecies group 1. Morphological, physiological, and genetical characteristics of the isolates suggested they are P. syringae pv. syringae. We believe this is the first report that P. syringae pv. syringae caused leaf spot disease on watermelon in the Republic of Korea.