• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1210-1218
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• 2011

GA (Genetic Algorithms) are efficient for searching for global optima but may have some problems such as premature convergence, convergence to local extremum and divergence. These phenomena are related to the evolutionary operators. As population diversity converges to low value, the search ability of a GA decreases and premature convergence or converging to local extremum may occur but population diversity converges to high value, then genetic algorithm may diverge. To guarantee that genetic algorithms converge to the global optima, the genetic operators should be chosen properly. In this paper, we analyze the effects of the selection operator, crossover operator, and mutation operator on convergence properties, and propose the sweeping method of mutation probability and elitist propagation rate to maintain the diversity of the GA's population for getting out of the premature convergence. Results of simulation studies verify the feasibility of using these sweeping operators to avoid premature convergence and convergence to local extrema.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.100-103
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• 2012

Nutria Myocastor coypus is one of a well known invasive riparian mammal found species around world from North America to Eurasia and Africa. In South Korea, feral nutrias inhabit areas from the Nakdonggang and Namgang (River) to their tributaries and Upo Wetland where they have had devastating effects on environment. Nevertheless, there has been little research about nutrias in Korea. This study is to analyze the genetic structure of the nutria population in the Upo Wetland and identify the origin of the source populations. Twenty individuals from the Upo Wetland were genotyped using 25 microsatellite loci. When compared with another introduced population, that of the Blackwater Nation Wildlife Refuge in U.S., the Upo population contains considerable genetic variations. Tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Bayesian clustering analysis suggest the Upo population is genetically structured and has at least two source populations. This preliminary study presents the need for further in-depth studies about this species which should combine genetic and ecological studies.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제50권
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• pp.207-214
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• 2023

Lindera obtusiloba (Lauraceae) is a dioecious tree that is widely distributed in the low-altitude montane forests of East Asia, including Korea. Despite its various pharmacological properties and ornamental value, the genetic diversity and population structure of this species in Korea have not been explored. In this study, we selected 6 nuclear and 6 chloroplast microsatellite markers with polymorphism or clean cross-amplification and used these markers to perform genetic diversity and population structure analyses of L. obtusiloba samples collected from 20 geographical regions. Using these 12 markers, we identified a total of 44 alleles, ranging from 1 to 8 per locus, and the average observed and expected heterozygosity values were 0.11 and 0.44, respectively. The average polymorphism information content was 0.39. Genetic relationship and population structure analyses revealed that the natural L. obtusiloba population in Korea is composed of 2 clusters, possibly due to two different plastid genotypes. The same clustering patterns have also been observed in Lindera species in mainland China and Japan.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2021

A PCR-founded genetic analysis aim and principle was used to foster a hierarchical polar dendrogram of the Euclidean genetic distances (GDs) for two arkshell populations, Scapharca broughtonii (YEOSU, Yeosu population and JINHAE, Jinhae population). Five oligonucleotides primers were make use of to craft 354 and 390 scorable bands in the Yeosu and Jinhae populations, respectively, outspreading in DNA fragment size from 100 bp to 1,600 bp. The bandsharing (BS) results disclosed that the Jinhae population had a higher average BS value (0.700) than that for the Yeosu population (0.692). The GD between individuals supported an adjacent association in grouping II (JINHAE 12 - JINHAE 22). The observation of a noteworthy GD between the two Scapharca populations verified that this PCR-generated technique could be a profitable attempt for within- and between-population-grounded biological DNA scrutiny. The potential of PCR inquiry will be favorable in the selection of individuals and/or populations for several reproductive- and/or quarantine-connected characters in aquafarming manufacture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2002

Enzyme electrophoresis was used to estimate genetic diversity and population structure of maize, Zea mays L. (Graminales) in Korea. In nine populations, fourteen of the 24 loci (58.3 %) showed detectable polymorphism. Genetic diversity (0.205) was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. Although our data are relatively small and the landraces not direct ancestors of cultivar, apparently the domestication process has eroded the levels of genetic variation of maize. The recent cultivars were found to have fewer alleles per locus (1.42 vs. 1.56), fewer alleles per polymorphic locus (2.27 vs. 2.33), lower percent polymorphic locus (33.3% vs. 41.7%), and lower diversity (0.159 vs. 0.185) than landraces. These genetic diversity parameters indicated that the cultivar populations were genetically depauperate relative to landlaces. The GST value of nine populations was 0.239. Nearly 76% of the total genetic diversity in Zea mays was apportioned within populations. The indirect estimate of gene new based on mean GST was moderate (Nm=0.80).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1071-1078
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• 2006

Three buffalo populations viz. Bhadawari, Tarai and local buffaloes of Kerala were genotyped using 24 heterologous polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 140 alleles were observed with an average observed heterozygosity of 0.63. All the loci were neutral and 18 out of the 24 loci were in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. The $F_{IS}$ values (estimate of inbreeding) for 16 loci in all the three populations were negative. This indicated lack of population structure in the three populations. The effective number of immigrants was 5.88 per generation between the Tarai and Bhadawari populations which was quite high suggesting substantial gene flow. The genetic distances revealed closeness between the Tarai and Bhadawari populations which was expected from geographical contiguity. The FST values were not significantly different from zero showing no population differentiation. The Correspondence Analysis based on the allelic frequency data clustered the majority of the Tarai and Bhadawari individuals as an admixture.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권4호
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• pp.435-442
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• 2006

국내 소나무 19개 집단을 대상으로 cpSSR 표지자 분석을 통해서 관찰된 28개 변이체로부터 총 167개의 독특한 haplotype이 확인되었고, 동일한 haplotype을 보인 13개체가 10집단에 고르게 분포하였으며, 각 집단에서 관찰된 유효 haplotype의 수는 평균 13.37개로 나타났다. cpSSR haplotype의 집단내 다양도(He)는 0.987로 계산되어 기존의 임목을 대상으로 한 연구에서 보고된 수치와 유사하거나 약간 높은 수치를 보였다. 각 haplotype을 구성하고 있는 cpSSR 변이체를 대상으로 각 집단에서의 다양성(S.I.)을 계산한 결과 강원도 영월집단이 1.109로 계산되어 가장 높은 수치를 보였으며, 경북 문경집단이 0.411로 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다(평균 0.887), 관찰된 cpSSR 변이체들의 대부분이 19개 집단에 공통적으로 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며(97.62%), 집단간에 cpSSR 변이체 분화는 미약한 것으로 나타났는데(${\Phi}_{ST}=0.024$) cpSSR 표지자의 높은 돌연변이 발생빈도가 주요 원인인 것으로 추정된다. 반면에 비교 가능한 173개 집단 쌍 간에 동일한 haplotype이 전혀 존재하지 않는 집단 쌍이 39쌍으로 나타나 집단간의 유전적 유연관계에 대한 직접적인 비교가 불가능했으며, 따라서 분석된 19개 집단간에 유전적 교류가 자유롭게 일어나지 않는 것으로 나타났다. cpSSR 표지자 변이체의 분포양상과 기존의 I-SSR 표지자 변이체의 분포양상을 비교 고찰해 볼 때 국내 소나무 유전자원의 효율적인 관리를 위해서는 분석된 소나무 집단의 현재 위치 정보와 유전정보가 함께 고려되어야할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1053-1061
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• 2004

Of the 20 arbitrarily chosen primers, six oligonucleotides decamer primers were used on the basis of the number of the polymorphisms generated in catfish (Silurus asotus) from Yesan and bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) from Dangjin in Korea. Six primers were used generating a total of 602 scorable bands in catfish and 195 in bullhead population, respectively, ranging in size of DNA fragments from less than approximately 100 to larger than 2,000 base pairs (bp). Six primers yielded 199 polymorphic fragments (33.1%) in catfish and 47 (24%) in bullhead, respectively. In the present study, a total of 328 common fragments (an average of 54.7 per primer) were observed in catfish population, whereas 84 (an average of 14.0 per primer) in bullhead. The total number of specific fragments in catfish and bullhead population were 76 and 64, respectively. In catfish population, random decamer, OPA-17 (GACCGCTTGT) generated the highest number of fragments (a total of 141) in comparison with other primers used, with an average of 11.8. The common bands in the molecular weight of 300 bp generated by random primer OPA-06 (GGTCCCTGAC) were present in every individuals in bullhead population. The major polymorphic bands in the molecular weight of 100 bp generated by OPA-17 were identified in lane 14, 15, 17, 18, 19 20 and 21, which were identifying species in bullhead population. The average bandsharing values (BS values) of all of the samples within catfish population ranged from 0.575 to 0.945, whereas 0.063-1.000 within bullhead population. The bandsharing value (index of similarity between individuals) between individual No. 5 and No. 9 showed the highest level within catfish population, whereas the bandsharing value between individual No. 1 and No. 2 showed the lowest level. The single linkage cluster analysis resulted from four primers, indicating four genetic groupings composed of group 1 (C1-C10, all of the catfish samples), group 2 (B11, B12, B13, B14, B16, B17, B18, B19), group 3 (B15) and group 4 (B20 and B21). The dendrogram reveals close relationships between individual identities within two species populations and individuals derived from the same ancestor, respectively. However, genetic distances between two species populations ranged from 0.124 to 0.333. The shortest genetic distance (0.042) displaying significant molecular differences was between individual No. 6 and No. 9 catfish population. The shortest genetic distance (0.033) displaying significant molecular differences also was between individual No. 18 and No. 19 in bullhead population. Reversely, the genetic distance of individual No. 20/21 among individuals in bullhead population was highest (0.333). This result showed that bullhead No. 20 and 21 were distinct from other individuals within bullhead population.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2014

The twenty-one individuals of Meretrix lusoria were secured from Gunsan, Shinan and Yeonggwang on the coast of the Yellow Sea and the southern sea in the Korean Peninsula, respectively. Amplification of a single COI fragment (720 bp) was imagined, and no apparent size differences were observed in amplified fragments between Meretrix lusoria and M. petechialis individuals. The size of the DNA fragments also varied excitedly, from 200 to 1,600 bp. The oligonucleotides primer BION-08 produced the least loci (a total of 17), with an average of 2.43 in the Gunsan population, in comparison to the other primers used. Remarkably, the primer BION-13 detected 42 shared loci by the three populations, major and/or minor fragments of sizes 200 bp and 400 bp, respectively, which were identical in all samples. The dendrogram gained by the seven oligonucleotides primers highlight three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GUNSAN 01 ~ GUNSAN 07), cluster 2 (SHINAN 08 ~ SHINAN 14) and cluster 3 (YEONGGWANG 15 ~ YEONGGWANG 21). The longest genetic distance among the twenty-one Meretrix lusoria individuals that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals GUNSAN no. 01 and SHINAN no. 14 (genetic distance = 0.574). Comparatively, individuals of SHINAN population were fairly closely related to that of YEONGGWANG population. In this study, PCR analysis has discovered significant genetic distances between two white clam population pairs (P<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.410-415
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• 1998

The effects of the proprotion of cows inseminated by young A. I. bulls on genetic improvement in the Japanese Holstein population were examined using a simulation technique. The proportion of recorded cows inseminated by young A. I. bulls was assumed to be from 10% to 100% of the total number of recorded cows. The expected total genetic improvement was estimated for all cows and recorded and non recorded cows. The effects of the above were remarkable in the schemes that proven sires were used to produce recorded and non recorded cows for a limited time. Also the increase in the rates for -the expected total genetic improvement was larger when the proportion of recorded cows that were inseminated by young A. I. bulls was about 10% to 40%. When the expected total genetic improvement was estimated for the entire population, we found that the highest values were in a range of about 40 to 60% recorded cows that were inseminated by young A. I. bulls. On the other hand, the expected total genetic improvement that was only estimated in recorded cows dramatically decreased for more than 40% of the recorded cows. The results of this study showed that the optimal proportion of recorded cows inseminated with young A. I. bulls should be about 30% in the Japanese Holstein population.