• 약학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2014

This study explores the prescribing pattern of generic drugs and the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the use of generics in South Korea. The analysis was based on claims data of 2011 from Korean National Health Insurance. We examined utilization, costs, and market share of oral preparations by original and generic product. Multiple logistic regression was performed to evaluate the predictive factors of generic use among multi-source medications. Generics accounted for 37~41% of utilization and 34~41% of costs in the insured market of oral preparations. In the generic market, costly generics made up about 58~61%, 56~66% of volume and value, respectively. Other things being equal, institutional factors affected generic use to the largest degree. The odds of having generics were 6 times higher in clinics, 4 times higher in hospitals, and 1.7 times higher in general hospitals than in teaching hospitals. Those in metropolitan or rural area were more likely to prescribe generics than those in the capital area. While generics were frequently prescribed for off-site pharmacy (OR=1.173), the odds of having generics was 0.88 after weighting the data by units prescribed. This study empirically presented the pattern of generic prescribing, confirming the widely accepted view that costly generics were more likely to be utilized in the Korean market. Up to two thirds of the generic market consisted of costly products. The strongest factors affecting generic use were institutional variables.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 1994년도 The Proceedings of the 1994 Kyoto Conference
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• pp.1-10
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• 1994

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.52-70
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• 2009

This study is to analyse the reimbursement prices of drugs in Japan. Japan has the world's second-largest pharmaceutical market, and the world's largest price-controlled pharmaceutical market. The reimbursement prices of new drugs in Japan are determined by confidential negotiations between the manufacturer and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Pharmaceuticals account for a larger share of total healthcare expenditures in Japan than in most other major pharmaceutical markets such as France, Germany, United Kingdom and United States. Prescription drugs' share of total healthcare spending has slightly increased in recent years, from 20.2% in 2000 to 21.5% in 2004, the most recent year for which data are currently available. This trend is attributable to the effect of the Japanese rapidly aging population that stimulates demand for healthcare services. There are several method of price setting for drugs as below. First, on the initial pricing of branded drugs, is the similar-efficacy pricing method and cost calculation method. Second is postmarketing price changes which are biennial price revisions under the rule of National Health Insurance. Third is the rule of the generics price. Recently, the generics market is expanded because there are increasing numbers of hospitals by DPCs(Diagnosis-procedure Combinations).

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.210-223
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• 2013

Backgrounds: Escalating pharmaceutical expenditure has threatened the sustainability of National Health Insurance system in Korea. Generic medicines allow patients to access safe, effective, high-quality medicines at low cost, thus insurers could achieve significant financial savings by promotion of generics, if they are priced much lower than the originator. The purpose of this study was to review generic pricing as well as promotion policies in other countries and assess the implication of those policies. Methods: We reviewed the main measures adopted by the developed countries such as Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, especially in countries where governments are the largest third-party payers or insurance finance resource is the national health insurance. Results: The foreign countries's experience with generic medicine policy shows that demand-side policies such as physician budgets, international nonproprietary name prescribing, generics substitution, patients co-payment as well as supply-side policies relating to pricing and reimbursement seems to play a critical role in developing the generic medicines market. Conclusion: Various strategy should be implemented to promote generic drug use.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

본문에서는 순수 함수형 언어인 하스켈로 작성된 심볼릭 실행의 병렬화를 위한 상태 모나드 기반의 라이브러리에 결정적 병렬화를 적용하기 편리한 API를 설계/구현하고 멀티코어 컴퓨터에서 벤치마크를 통해 실제 성능을 향상을 확인해 본다. 일반적으로 순수 함수형 프로그램은 병렬화가 쉽다고 알려져 있으나 실제 구현에서 핵심 알고리듬 외적인 부분에서 의도치 않은 순차적 데이터 의존성의 발생으로 병렬화가 어려워질 수 있다. 심볼릭 실행 구현에서는 지금껏 사용했던 변수와 겹치지 않는 새 이름을 생성함으로써 서로 다른 범위의 이름이 같은 변수끼리 혼동하는 착오를 피하는 방식을 종종 활용한다. 그런데 이를 순차적 상태 관리로 구현한 경우가 많아 병렬화에 걸림돌이 된다. 이 논문에서는 하스켈의 범용적 이름 관리 라이브러리인 unbound-generics의 새 이름 생성 기능에 순차적 의존성을 회피할 수 있는 확장 기능을 제공함으로써 병렬적 심볼릭 실행 구현을 간소화하는 데 기여하였다. 우리가 구현한 병렬화 확장의 특징은 기존 unbound-generics 라이브러리의 내부 구현을 그대로 유지한 상태의 확장이라는 점으로, 기존에 unbound-generics로 작성된 순차적 심볼릭 실행기의 성능 저하 우려가 전혀 없다는 점이다. 따라서 병렬화가 필요한 부분에만 확장 기능을 적용하는 방식으로 활용하여 성능을 개선할 수 있다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-39
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• 2000

This paper aims to analyze the effects that marketing mix variables have on the marketing performance of pharmaceutical manufacturers. It examines how product characteristics, price, marketing channel and promotion effort influence the sales and market share of anti-ulcer drugs in the markets for clinics and hospitals separately. Empirical results from 29 products of anti-ulcer drugs show that sales in hospitals are affected by the profit per prescription to the physician, brand name drugs relative to generics, and the age of ingredients since its introduction to the markets. Profit per prescription to the hospital, relative price, age of ingredients and promotion effort have positive effects on the market share.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.96-100
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• 2006

Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) has been expediting the Biological Equivalence Examination (BEE) project to encourage generic substitution without expense of inappropriate therapeutic outcome. However, little is known about which considerations are most important in making the decision to prescribe a drug among many generic drugs. The purpose of this survey was to identify how strongly the KFDA certification of BEE influenced doctors when they make a choice between brand and generics of glimepiride preparations. Telephone survey was performed towards doctors working at local clinics by using a questionnaire. Most influential factor to doctors' decision was drug cost followed by pharmaceutical representatives, therapeutic efficacy, and review guideline for reimbursement. Advertisement of the drug was the least influential followed by KFDA certification of BEE. The meaning of BEE was best understood by relatively young doctors with specialty in surgical parts. This survey result further indicated that the doctors considered the therapeutic equivalence examination a preferred measure to expedite generic substitution.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.101-125
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• 2010

CEPA(Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, hereinafter CEPA) between India and Korea may influence some changes on Korean pharmaceutical industry which shows less competitive advantages than Indian industry in many regards. So the purpose of this paper remains on suggesting the way of enhancing international competitiveness for Korean industry on the basis of double diamond model. Through the comprehensive and deep analysis, our findings on recommendable business strategies for Korea are as follows ; in terms of factor conditions, first, cooperative strategy in R&D for developing generics will be required. Second, Introduction of CMO business can be considered. In terms of demand condition, Korean firms should find out the chance for demand creation in Indian market which has future market potential and American market exploration, as soon as possible. With regards to strategy, structure and competition, trying M&A with leading Indian companies and utilizing well organized medical professionals in India will be considered. In the points of related and supportive parts, lastly, Korean government should try to make so called "National Strategic R&D committee" for pharmaceuticals and bring u-healthcare service to Korea in the first place. If Korean pharmaceutical industry implement above-mentioned strategies, CEPA can be turned into business opportunities from the crisis. As a result, Korean firms shall have more powerful global competitiveness eventually.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

Background: Generic medications are approved on the basis of bioequivalence with brand medications in healthy volunteers rather than the target population, there remains a substantial uncertainty regarding their clinical effectiveness and safety. The object of this paper is to compare the clinical equivalence of generic statin drugs in patients. Methods: Literature published before September 2016, which is indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, RISS, comparing generic to brand products in statins. Outcomes included blood lipid level, proportion of days covered (adherence), hospitalization and mortality. Results: 511 citations were screened, of which 11 studies met eligibility criteria (6 randomized clinical trials, 5 observational studies). Generic atorvastatin was clinical equivalent with brand drugs in blood lipid level (3 RCTs) and generic simvastatin was also clinical equivalent with brand drugs (2 RCTs). 2 of 3 studies reported no significant difference in proportion of days covered except 1 study which reported generic statin significantly enhance proportion of days covered (p<0.001). Hospitalization was no significant difference in all studies (p>0.05). 1 study reported that all cause of mortality was significantly low in generic drugs (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Published data on comparing clinical efficacy of generic and brand statins were insufficient in both quantity and quality. This systematic review suggests that additional studies on clinical equivalence and safety of generic medications in patients would be needed.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 스칼라 언어의 함수형 프로그래밍 기능의 타당성에 대해서 검토한다. 주된 관심사는 스칼라가 어느 정도까지 람다 식, 고차 함수, 제너릭 타입, 대수적 타입, 모나드 등 함수형 프로그래밍의 주요 특성을 표현할 수 있는 가에 있다. 이 목적을 위하여 명령형 프로그래밍 언어의 인터프리터를 구현한다. 동일한 함수형 프로그래밍 기법을 적용하여 인터프리터를 하스켈과 스칼라로 구현한 다음, 이 두 버전의 구현을 비교 분석한다. 명령형 프로그래밍 언어의 추상 구문트리는 스칼라의 제너릭스를 갖는 대수적 타입과 enum 클래스로서 표현되고, 명령형 프로그래밍의 상태 변환은 상태 모나드를 이용하여 구현된다. 또한 스칼라의 새로운 기능인 extension과 given도 사용된다.