• ETRI Journal
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.502-513
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• 2017

For video understanding, namely analyzing who did what in a video, actions along with objects are primary elements. Most studies on actions have handled recognition problems for a well-trimmed video and focused on enhancing their classification performance. However, action detection, including localization as well as recognition, is required because, in general, actions intersect in time and space. In addition, most studies have not considered extensibility for a newly added action that has been previously trained. Therefore, proposed in this paper is an extensible hierarchical method for detecting generic actions, which combine object movements and spatial relations between two objects, and inherited actions, which are determined by the related objects through an ontology and rule based methodology. The hierarchical design of the method enables it to detect any interactive actions based on the spatial relations between two objects. The method using object information achieves an F-measure of 90.27%. Moreover, this paper describes the extensibility of the method for a new action contained in a video from a video domain that is different from the dataset used.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.401-409
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• 1994

One of typical submanifolds of a Sasakian manifold is the so-called generic submanifolds which are defined as follows: Let M be a submanifold of a Sasakian manifold M with almost contact metric structure (ø, G, ξ) such that M is tangent to the structure vector ξ. If each normal space is mapped into the tangent space under the action of ø, M is called a generic submanifold of M [2], [8].(omitted)

• 대한수학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.339-352
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• 1994

A sumbanifold M of a quaternionic Kaehlerian manifold $\tilde{M}^m$ of real dimension 4m is called a generic submanifold if the normal space N(M) of M is always mapped into the tangent space T(M) under the action of the quaternionic Kaehlerian structure tensors of the ambient manifold at the same time.The purpose of the present paper is to study generic submanifold of quaternionic Kaehlerian manifold of constant Q-sectional curvature with nonvanishing parallel mean curvature vector. In section 1, we state general formulas on generic submanifolds of a quaternionic Kaehlerian manifold of constant Q-sectional curvature. Section 2 is devoted to the study generic submanifolds with nonvanishing parallel mean curvature vector and compute the restricted Laplacian for the second fundamental form in the direction of the mean curvature vector. As applications of those results, in section 3, we prove our main theorems. In this paper, the dimension of a manifold will always indicate its real dimension.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 추계 학술발표회 제17권2호
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• pp.209-212
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• 2005

This paper presents, basic concepts on deformation models for D-regions critical to shear. Strut-and-tie models are used to construct for deformation estimation at yielding and ultimate deformation. A generic: strut-and-tie model is proposed to investigate deformation patterns and failure mode identification. Superposition of the basic models enables us to explain deformation limits of arch action and truss action. Displacement at yielding is assessed by consideration of deformation of reinforcing steel only while the ultimate displacement is calculated by limits of ultimate strain of concrete in compression and failure mechanisms.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.363-447
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• 2009

The author previously defined the spectral invariants, denoted by $\rho(H;\;a)$, of a Hamiltonian function H as the mini-max value of the action functional ${\cal{A}}_H$ over the Novikov Floer cycles in the Floer homology class dual to the quantum cohomology class a. The spectrality axiom of the invariant $\rho(H;\;a)$ states that the mini-max value is a critical value of the action functional ${\cal{A}}_H$. The main purpose of the present paper is to prove this axiom for nondegenerate Hamiltonian functions in irrational symplectic manifolds (M, $\omega$). We also prove that the spectral invariant function ${\rho}_a$ : $H\;{\mapsto}\;\rho(H;\;a)$ can be pushed down to a continuous function defined on the universal (${\acute{e}}tale$) covering space $\widetilde{HAM}$(M, $\omega$) of the group Ham((M, $\omega$) of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms on general (M, $\omega$). For a certain generic homotopy, which we call a Cerf homotopy ${\cal{H}}\;=\;\{H^s\}_{0{\leq}s{\leq}1}$ of Hamiltonians, the function ${\rho}_a\;{\circ}\;{\cal{H}}$ : $s\;{\mapsto}\;{\rho}(H^s;\;a)$ is piecewise smooth away from a countable subset of [0, 1] for each non-zero quantum cohomology class a. The proof of this nondegenerate spectrality relies on several new ingredients in the chain level Floer theory, which have their own independent interest: a structure theorem on the Cerf bifurcation diagram of the critical values of the action functionals associated to a generic one-parameter family of Hamiltonian functions, a general structure theorem and the handle sliding lemma of Novikov Floer cycles over such a family and a family version of new transversality statements involving the Floer chain map, and many others. We call this chain level Floer theory as a whole the Floer mini-max theory.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2005

원자력 사고로 인한 비상시에는 적기에 주민 보호조치를 취해야 한다. 주민 보호조치에 대한 결정기준은 국제적으로 비용-이득 분석에 의해 산정된 일반개입준위와 일반조치준위를 사용토록 제안되어 있다. 운영개입준위는 이러한 일반준위를 직접 또는 쉽게 측정할 수 있는 물리량으로 나타낸 것이다. 비상시 보호조치의 필요성을 판단하기 위해서는 운영개입준위를 적용하고 수정하는 데 요구되는 환경감시 자료를 신속히 생산하는 것이 중요하다. 비상대응의 일환으로서 이를 위해 무슨 일들이 어떻게 수행되어야 하는지 고찰하였다. 비상시 환경감시를 효과적으로 수행하기 위해서는 평상시에 조직과 설비의 유지 관리, 각종 절차 수립, 지원용 전산체제 개발, 주기적인 교육과 훈련 등 철저한 준비가 필요하다. 일반개입준위와 운영개입준위에 관한 우리나라의 규정이 보완 또는 신설될 필요가 있음이 지적되었다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.838-849
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• 2010

It is inevitable to control the systematic failure to obtain the software safety integrity of embedded software installed in rolling stock. Because it is not possible to assess systematic failure integrity by quantitative methods, SILs are used to group documentation, methods, tools and techniques throughout software development lifecycle which, when used effectively, are considered to provide an appropriate level of confidence in the realization of a system to a stated integrity level. Normally, safety approval process is through generic product, generic application and specification application for. For safety approval on generic application of software based system, it is required to apply the certified software processes from the planning stage for the assigned SIL. As such, we will develop project specific application with high safety integrity within time limit of contractual delivery schedule through software assessment to the modified area with the re-use of certified software module and documentation. At this point, Hyundai Rotem has developed software processes applicable to support SIL 4 based on EN50128 which was assessed and certified by TUV SUD. This paper introduces the Hyundai Rotem's detailed approach and prospective action to achieve software safety integrity level.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.825-832
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• 2021

A simulation-based approach is proposed to study the protective actions taken by residents during nuclear emergencies using cognitive findings. Human perception-based behaviors are not heavily incorporated in the evacuation study for nuclear emergencies despite their known importance. This study proposes a generic framework of perception-based behavior simulation, in accordance with the ecological concept of affordance theory and a formal representation of affordance-based finite state automata. Based on the generic framework, a simulation model is developed to allow an evacuee to perceive available actions and execute one of them according to Newton's laws of motion. The case of a shadow evacuation under nuclear emergency is utilized to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. The illustrated planning algorithm enables residents to compute not only prior knowledge of the environmental map, but also the perception of dynamic surroundings, using widely observed heuristics. The simulation results show that the temporal and spatial dynamics of the evacuation behaviors can be analyzed based on individual perception of circumstances, while utilizing the findings in cognitive science under unavoidable data restriction of nuclear emergencies. The perception-based analysis of the proposed framework is expected to enhance nuclear safety technology by complementing macroscopic analyses for advanced protective measures.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2005년도 춘계 학술대회
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• pp.496-512
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• 2005

원자력 비상시 주민 보호조치에 대한 결정기준은 국제적으로 비용-이득 분석에 의해 산정된 일반개입준위와 일반조치준위를 사용토록 제안되어 있다. 운영개입준위는 이러한 일반준위를 직접 또는 쉽게 측정할 수 있는 물리량으로 나타낸 것이다. 비상시 보호조치의 필요성을 판단하기 위해서는 운영개입준위를 적용하고 수정하는 데 요구되는 환경감시 자료를 신속히 생산하는 것이 중요하다. 비상대응의 일환으로서 이를 위해 무슨 일들이 어떻게 수행되어야 하는지 고찰하였다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.265-283
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• 2021

To ensure that fire induced collapse of a building is prevented it is important to understand the sequence of events that can lead to this event. In this paper, the initiation of collapse mechanisms of generic a multi-storey steel frame subjected to vertical and horizontal travelling fires are analysed computationally by tracking the formation of plastic hinges in the frame and generation of fire induced loads. Both uniform and travelling fires are considered. In total 58 different cases are analysed using finite element software LS-DYNA. For the frame examined with a simple and generic structural arrangement and higher applied fire protection to the columns, the results indicate that collapse mechanisms for singe floor and multiple floor fires can be each split into two main groups. For single floor fires (taking place in the upper floors of the frame (Group S1)), collapse is initiated by the pull-in of external columns when heated beams in end bays go into catenary action. For single floor fires occurring on the lower floors(Group S2), failure is initiated (i.e. ultimate strain of the material is exceeded) after the local beam collapse. Failure in both groups for single floor fires is governed by the generation of high loads due to restrained thermal expansion and the loss of material strength. For multiple floor fires with a low number of fire floors (1 to 3) - Group M1, failure is dominated by the loss of material strength and collapse is mainly initiated by the pull-in of external columns. For the cases with a larger number of fire floors (5 to 10) - Group M2, failure is dominated by thermal expansion and collapse is mainly initiated by swaying of the frame to the side of fire origin. The results show that for the investigated frame initiation of collapse mechanisms are affected by the fire type, the number of fire floors, and the location of the fire floor. The findings of this study could be of use to designers of buildings when developing fire protection strategies for steel framed buildings where the potential for a multifloor fire exists.