• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2008

Statement of problem: It has been proved that Pleurotus eryngii Quel and Eleutherococcus senticosus have antiinflammatory action and not only stimulates the proliferation and activity of osteoblast but inhibits the generation and activity of osteoclast in vitro. Pleurotus eryngii Quel and Eleutherococcus senticosus are the main component of $OPB-K^{(R)}$. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate $OPB-K^{(R)}$ which enhances the healing rate of peri-implant bone and the bone mineral density. Materials and methods: Thirty six specially designed implants were installed in the tibia of rats. The group medicated with $OPB-K^{(R)}$ was the experimental group, and that without was the control group. hen the implant stability was measured by $Periotest^{(R)}$. Bone mineral density and histological measurement were conducted at the 2nd, 4th and 6th week $Periotest^{(R)}$ and bone mineral density values were analyzed statistically with independent t-test at 95% confidence level(p<0.05). Results: The results of this study were as follows : 1. There was no statistically significant difference in $Periotest^{(R)}$. values between the experimental group and control group at the 2nd week, however, on the 4th and 6th week there was significant difference(p<0.05). 2. There was no statistically significant difference in bone mineral density between the experimental group and control group at the 2nd and 4th week, however on the 6th week there was significant difference(p<0.05). 3. Histological analysis showed difference in osseointegration on the 4th and 6th week between the groups. Conclusion: From the results, it is concluded that the $OPB-K^{(R)}$ medicated group showed statistically better results in bone density and stability than the control group. Clinically it would be better to medicate $OPB-K^{(R)}$ to patients for a long period of time after implantation to get superior results.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 1985

This study has been carried out in order to investigate the bacterial quality of fish meat paste products and the characteristics of isolated thermodurics from the products. Twenty samples of crab-flavored fish stick (Kematsal), 23 samples of plate fish meat paste (Panomuk, Kamaboko), 5 samples of fried fish meat paste (Tigimomuk), 2 samples of roasted fish meat paste (Puduromuk, Chikuwa), 20 samples of fish sausage were collected from processing plants and supermarkets in Pusan, Korea during the period from May to October in 1984. The results obtained are as follows. Amont the samples collected from supermarkets, roasted fish meat paste and fried fish meat paste marked hish counts in coliforms and fungi while very low in the samples of crab-flavored fish stick and plate fish meat paste. Salmonella was not detected in all the samples examined and Staphylococcus aureus was detected only in fried fish meat paste, Thermoduric bacteria were detected less than 10$^2$/g in the samples of crab-flavored fish stick and plate fish meat paste, which might come from subsidiary materials such as starch and seasonings. Among the isolated bacteria, distribution of the proteolytics were more than 87％ and the lipolytics were less than 20％. Gram positive bacteria was more than 70％ in crab-flavored fish stick and plate fish meat paste, 47.3％ in fried fish meat paste. And rod in shape was almost more than 90％ in all the samples. The most heat resistant bacterium isolated from the samples was identified as a Bacillus licheniformis(named B. licheniformis CR-11). The strain showed strong proteolytic activity and also grew well at above 2$0^{\circ}C$. The growth rate and generation time of CR-11 strain were 0.31 hr$^{-1}$ , 2.24 hr at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 0.64 hr$^{-1}$ , 1.09 hr at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 0.78 hr$^{-1}$ , 0.89 hr at 35$^{\circ}C$. Heat resistance value of the spores of CR-11 strain suspended in phosphate buffer solution was D$_{85}$ $^{\circ}C$=41.9 min, D$_{90}$ $^{\circ}C$=27.9 min, D$_{95}$ $^{\circ}C$=10.2 min, D$_{100}$ $^{\circ}C$=4.3 min (Z=13.8$^{\circ}C$)

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2008

The study presents the results of 1,4-dioxane degradation using zero valent (Fe$^0$) or Fe$^{2+}$ ions with and without UV. During the reaction, the change of [Fe$^{2+}$] and [Fe$^{2+}$]/[Fe(t)], the concentration ratio of ferrous ion to total iron ion in solution was measured. Less than 10% degradation of 1,4-dioxane was observed by UV-only, Fe$^0$-only, and Fe$^{2+}$-only conditions, and also the changes of [Fe$^{2+}$] and [Fe$^{2+}$]/[Fe(t)] were minimal in each reaction. However, the oxidation of Fe$^0$ was enhanced with the irradiation of UV by approximately 25% and the improvement of 1,4-dioxane degradation was observed. Fenton reaction ($Fe^{2+}+H_2O_2$) showed higher degradation efficiency of 1,4-dioxane until 90 min, which of the degradation was stopped after that time. In the reaction of Fe$^{2+}$ and UV, the ratio of [Fe$^{2+}$]/[Fe(t)] decreased then slowly increased after a certain time indicating the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe$^{2+}$. In case of Fe$^0$ in the presence of UV, the first-order rate constant was found to be 1.84$\times$10$^{-3}$ min$^{-1}$ until 90 min, and then changed to 9.33$\times$10$^{-3}$ min$^{-1}$ when the oxidation of Fe$^{2+}$ mainly occurred. In this case [Fe$^{2+}$]/[Fe(t)] kept decreasing for the reaction. However, the addition of perchlortae (ClO$_4^-$) in the reaction of Fe$^0$ and UV induced the continuous increase of [Fe$^{2+}$]/[Fe(t)] ratio. The results mean the primary degradation factor of 1,4-dioxane is the oxidation by the radicals generated from the redox reaction between Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$. Also, both UV and ClO$_4^-$ played the role inducing the reduction of Fe$^{3+}$, which is important to degrade 1,4-dioxane by enhancing the generation of radicals.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.296-305
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• 1996

Chemical characteristics of paper sludge, degradation of the sludge in soil and $CO_2$ generation, and changes of nitrogen and heavy metals in soil treated with the sludge were investigated. The results obtained was summarized as follows: 1. Degradation rate of paper sludge in soil was 19% at room temperature, and 28% at $incubation(30^{\circ}C)$ temperature after 12-weeks treatment. 2. T-C, T-N and the C/N ratio of the sludge in soil at room temperature were 15.5%, 0.22% and 71 respectively, and 14.5%, 0.24% and 60, respectively, at $incubation(30^{\circ}C)$ temperature after 12-week treatment. 3. $CO_2$ genaration in soil treated with 1%, 3% and 5% of the sludge was 247mg/100g, 334mg/100g and 458mg/100g, respectively, at room temperature, and 385mg/100g, 550mg/100g and 618mg/100g, respectively, at incubation temperature after 12 weeks treatment. 4. Mineralization ratio of organic nitrogen in soil treated with 1%, 3% and 5% of the sludge was 8.7%, 13.4% and 16.2%, respectively, at $incubation(30^{\circ}C)$ temperature after 12-weeks treatment. 5. The amounts of DTPA-extractable Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cr in Soil treated with paper sludge were $0.7{\sim}2.2$, $0.1{\sim}0.17$, $1.4{\sim}2.8$, $1.4{\sim}2.8$, and $0{\sim}0.7mg/kg$, respectively. Mean while, those of $HNO_3$ extractable Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cr were $7.9{\sim}10.0$, $0.6{\sim}0.9$, $17.6{\sim}34.4$, $14.7{\sim}18.5$, and $5.8{\sim}9.0mg/kg$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.821-834
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• 2017

The increase in the rate of industrialization due to urbanization has caused the Urban Heat Island phenomenon where the temperature of the city is higher than the surrounding area, and its intensity is increasing with climate change. Among the cities where heat island phenomenon occurs, Seoul city has different degree of urbanization, green area ratio, energy consumption, and population density in each administrative district, and as a result, the strength of heat island is also different. So It is necessary to analyze the difference of Urban Heat Island Intensity by administrative district and the cause. In this study, the UHI intensity of the administrative gu and the administrative dong were extracted from the Seoul metropolitan area and the differences among the administrative districts were examined. and linear regression analysis were conducted with The variables included in the three categories(weather condition, anthropogenic heat generation, and land use characteristics) to investigate the cause of the difference in heat UHI intensity in each administrative district. As a result of analysis, UHI Intensity was found to be different according to the characteristics of administrative gu, administrative dong, and surrounding environment. The difference in administrative dong was larger than gu unit, and the UHI Intensity of gu and the UHI Intensity distribution of dongs belonging to the gu were also different. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a difference in heat island development intensity according to the average wind speed, development degree, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) value. Among them, the SAVI and NDBI showed a difference in value up to the dong unit and The creation of a wind route environment for the mitigation of the heat island phenomenon is necessary for the administrative dong unit level. Therefore, it is considered that projects for mitigating heat island phenomenon such as land cover improvement plan, wind route improvement plan, and green wall surface plan for development area need to consider administrative dongs belonging to the gu rather than just considering the difference of administrative gu units. The results of this study are expected to provide the directions for urban thermal environment design and policy development in the future by deriving the necessity of analysis unit and the factors to be considered for the administrative city unit to mitigate the urban heat island phenomenon.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2004

Objectives : This study was performed to determine the incidence density and the prevalence of sero-positive hepatitis C from 1999 to 2002 among adults aged 20 and over residing in Seoul and the Gyeonggi province. Method : The data for period was obtained from 114,635 adults, residing in Seoul or the Gyeonggi province, who had undertaken comprehensive health screening tests from Jan 1999 to Dec 2002 in a University hospital in Seoul. Among them, subjects with sero-negative status against hepatitis C were selected (21,408 in 1999, 28,830 in 2000) and then followed up until Dec 2002 to determine the incidence of hepatitis C during this period. The serum was tested with the immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) which uses third generation HCV antibody. Age adjusted rates were estimated by direct standardization using a reference population of 2000 aged from 20 to 80 years. Results : The prevalence of anti-HCV from 1999 to 2002 was 2.1 per 1000 persons(95% CI $1.8{\sim}2.4$). Male showed 1.7 per 1000 persons (95% CI $1.4{\sim}2.1$), while female showed 2.7 per 1000 persons(95% CI $2.2{\sim}3.2$). Age?sex adjusted rate showed 2.8 per 1000 persons (95% CI $2.64{\sim}2.96$), which is lower than the results of some previous study. The prevalence showed a significantly increasing pattern with age both in males and females (p<0.05). The incidence density of anti-HCV among the population aged 20 and over was 1.1 per 104 person-years at risk (95% CI $0.6{\sim}2.4$); 1.2 (95% CI $0.6{\sim}2.7$) for males and 0.8 (95% CI $0.6{\sim}4.2$) for females. Age adjusted incidence density was 2.91 per 104 person-years at risk (95% CI $2.43{\sim}3.38$) for those aged 20 and over. It showed an increasing pattern with age (p<0.05), especially for those age over 50 years. Conclusion : The study subjects for this study were supposedly healthier than the general population so the prevalence and incidence for the general population are thought to be higher than the results of the present study.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2010

Purpose : The organisms causing peritonitis and their antibiotic sensitivities vary in different regions and centers, and these data are necessary to establish regional treatment guidelines. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in incidence and characteristics of the organisms that cause peritonitis in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) during recent 10 years. Methods : We retrospectively collected and analyzed the data from medical records of 110 children on PD during the period from 2000 to 2010. Results : One hundred and forty episodes of peritonitis have occurred in 57 patients. The overall incidence of peritonitis was 0.43 episodes/patient year, and similar incidence have been maintained since 2003. Sixty percent of the patients experienced peritonitis within 1 year of PD, and all patients commencing PD in infancy experienced peritonitis. Gram positive (G (+)), gram negative (G (-)) organisms and fungi were cultured in 58%, 38%, and 4.1% respectively and cultures were negative in 13.6%. Staphylococcus was the most common G (+) organism, and Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were 2 most frequent G (-) organisms isolated. Fifty-six percent of the G (+) organisms were sensitive to first generation cephalosporin and 91% of G (-) pathogens were sensitive to ceftazidime. Methicillin-resistance rate was not higher in children less than 2 years of age than in those more than 2 years. Conclusion : An additional breakthrough has to be made to further reduce the incidence of peritonitis. Treatment guideline customized for peritonitis in Korean children on PD need to be established through a nationwide co-work.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2009

Each river in each country has peculiar channel characteristics at every section. Korea consists of mountains at the rate of 70%. Due to this, the sections that display unique channel form are scattered. One of the typical features is the narrow pass of channel section that presents in the process of the generation of alluvial channel and deformation channel. Around as this narrow pass of channel, it often comes to be regular flood disaster section. Regardless of this situation, investigations and plans that reflect channel characteristics at the narrow pass of channel have been wholly wanting until now. In accordance with this, we have investigated and analysed hydraulic significance and channel form of the narrow pass of channel in Seonsan in this study. The study has found real minute classification of sediment phenomenon at river bed of low flow channel on investigation section which is sand-bed river, but it was vaguely difficult to conclude that classification of sediment arises from explicit natural force. We were able to assume that the phenomenon comes from gentle bed slope, supply of river bed materials which is nearly uniformity. However, classification of sediment would come from collecting an aggregate rather than natural force. And we found that compound cross section conversion has been developing dramatically with channel form of movable bed section referring to movement which was active before at drainage district of the narrow pass of channel. With this, we could find the phenomenon that river width of low flow channel diminished largely. This kind of situation implies that it may cause compound section weighting, flood dimension decreasing, revetment at low flow channel or the local scour at bottom of levee when extraordinary flood occurs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.100-101
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• 2012

The plasma damage free and room temperature processedthin film deposition technology is essential for realization of various next generation organic microelectronic devices such as flexible AMOLED display, flexible OLED lighting, and organic photovoltaic cells because characteristics of fragile organic materials in the plasma process and low glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymer substrate. In case of directly deposition of metal oxide thin films (including transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS)) on the organic layers, plasma damages against to the organic materials is fatal. This damage is believed to be originated mainly from high energy energetic particles during the sputtering process such as negative oxygen ions, reflected neutrals by reflection of plasma background gas at the target surface, sputtered atoms, bulk plasma ions, and secondary electrons. To solve this problem, we developed the NBAS (Neutral Beam Assisted Sputtering) process as a plasma damage free and room temperature processed sputtering technology. As a result, electro-optical properties of NBAS processed ITO thin film showed resistivity of $4.0{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}m$ and high transmittance (>90% at 550 nm) with nano- crystalline structure at room temperature process. Furthermore, in the experiment result of directly deposition of TCO top anode on the inverted structure OLED cell, it is verified that NBAS TCO deposition process does not damages to the underlying organic layers. In case of deposition of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin film on the plastic polymer substrate, the room temperature processed sputtering coating of high quality TCO thin film is required. During the sputtering process with higher density plasma, the energetic particles contribute self supplying of activation & crystallization energy without any additional heating and post-annealing and forminga high quality TCO thin film. However, negative oxygen ions which generated from sputteringtarget surface by electron attachment are accelerated to high energy by induced cathode self-bias. Thus the high energy negative oxygen ions can lead to critical physical bombardment damages to forming oxide thin film and this effect does not recover in room temperature process without post thermal annealing. To salve the inherent limitation of plasma sputtering, we have been developed the Magnetic Field Shielded Sputtering (MFSS) process as the high quality oxide thin film deposition process at room temperature. The MFSS process is effectively eliminate or suppress the negative oxygen ions bombardment damage by the plasma limiter which composed permanent magnet array. As a result, electro-optical properties of MFSS processed ITO thin film (resistivity $3.9{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$, transmittance 95% at 550 nm) have approachedthose of a high temperature DC magnetron sputtering (DMS) ITO thin film were. Also, AOS (a-IGZO) TFTs fabricated by MFSS process without higher temperature post annealing showed very comparable electrical performance with those by DMS process with $400^{\circ}C$ post annealing. They are important to note that the bombardment of a negative oxygen ion which is accelerated by dc self-bias during rf sputtering could degrade the electrical performance of ITO electrodes and a-IGZO TFTs. Finally, we found that reduction of damage from the high energy negative oxygen ions bombardment drives improvement of crystalline structure in the ITO thin film and suppression of the sub-gab states in a-IGZO semiconductor thin film. For realization of organic flexible electronic devices based on plastic substrates, gas barrier coatings are required to prevent the permeation of water and oxygen because organic materials are highly susceptible to water and oxygen. In particular, high efficiency flexible AMOLEDs needs an extremely low water vapor transition rate (WVTR) of $1{\times}10^{-6}gm^{-2}day^{-1}$. The key factor in high quality inorganic gas barrier formation for achieving the very low WVTR required (under ${\sim}10^{-6}gm^{-2}day^{-1}$) is the suppression of nano-sized defect sites and gas diffusion pathways among the grain boundaries. For formation of high quality single inorganic gas barrier layer, we developed high density nano-structured Al2O3 single gas barrier layer usinga NBAS process. The NBAS process can continuously change crystalline structures from an amorphous phase to a nano- crystalline phase with various grain sizes in a single inorganic thin film. As a result, the water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of the NBAS processed $Al_2O_3$ gas barrier film have improved order of magnitude compared with that of conventional $Al_2O_3$ layers made by the RF magnetron sputteringprocess under the same sputtering conditions; the WVTR of the NBAS processed $Al_2O_3$ gas barrier film was about $5{\times}10^{-6}g/m^2/day$ by just single layer.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the reproductive characteristics of the cloned Hanwoo bulls produced by SCNT. The semen ejaculated from the cloned bulls (C-38 and C-39) and normal Hanwoo bull was properly measured the volume, the number of sperm, and the viability of frozen-thawed sperm. The sperm activity was analyzed using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). To analyze fertilizing ability of the cloned bulls, in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination were performed using the frozen-thawed semen. There were no differences in semen volume, sperm concentration, and the viability of frozen-thawed sperm between cloned bulls and normal bull. The difference was statistically significant in total motility, curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), and average-path velocity (VAP) of both cloned bulls compared to those of normal Hanwoo bull, respectively (p<0.05). The cleavage and blastocyst development rate were not different between the groups. five cloned cows were artificially inseminated using the frozen-thawed semen of C-38, two of them became pregnant. Two second generation calves (one male and one female) were produced. Based on these results, the cloned Hanwoo bulls showed normal reproductive abilities of semen parameters and sperm activity to their comparators and produced cloned calves, although there are some individual differences on the parameters.