• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.569-577
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• 2000

The position of tobacco leaves is affluence to the quality. To evaluate its quality, sample leaves was collected according to the position of attachment. In Korea, the position was divided into four classes such as high, middle, low and inside positioned leaves. Until now, the grade of standard sample was determined by human expert from korea ginseng and tobacco company. Many research were done by the chemical and spectrum analysis using NIR and computer vision. The grade of tobacco leaves mainly classified into 5 grades according to the attached position and its chemical composition. In high and low positioned leaves shows a low level grade under grade 3. Generally, inside and medium positioned leaf has a high level grade. This is the basic research to develop a real time tobacco leaves grading system combined with portable NIR spectrum analysis system. However, this research just deals with position recognition and grading using the color machine vision. The RGB color information was converted to HSI image format and the sample was all investigated using the bundle of tobacco leaves. Quality grade and position recognition was performed through well known general error back propagation neural network. Finally, the relationship about attached leaf position and its grade was analyzed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8625-8628
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• 2016

Background: Central lymph node metastasis(CLNM) is common in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). The aim of this study was to define the pathohistologic risk grading based on surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Statistical analysis was performed to figure out the optimal cut-off values of size in preoperative ultrasound images for defining the risk of CLNM in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) studies were carried out to determine the cutoff value(s) for the predictor(s). All the patients were divided into two groups according to the above size and the clinic-pathological and immunohistochemical parameters were compared to determine the significance of findings. Results: The optimal cut-off value of tumor size to predict the risk of CLNM in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was 0.575 cm (area under the curve 0.721) according to the ROC curves. Significant differences were observed on the multifocality, extrathyroidal extension and central lymph node metastasis between two groups which were divided according to the tumor size by the cutoff values. Patients in two groups showed different positive rate and intensity of Ki67. Conclusions: The size of PTMC in ultrasound images are helpful to predict the aggressiveness of the tumors, it could be an easy predictor for PTMC prognosis and assist us to choose treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

Background: The fundamental responsibility of an anesthesiologist is to maintain adequate gas exchange. Failure to maintain a patent airway can result in brain damage or death. Generally, in patients with mandibular prognathism, who have the protruded mandible, the mask ventilation was thought to be not easy. The purpose of this study was to observe the degree of the difficulty of airway management in mandibular prognathism using some anatomic criteria for defining and grading difficulty of airway and difficulty of endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscope. Methods: The observations and measurements are done to the 54 patients with mandibular prognathism, who were scheduled for corrective esthetic surgery. The case study is done to the 30 patients with normal mandible for control group. In all patients, mouth opening distance (MOD), mouse opening angle (MOA), mandibular length (ML), mandibular depth (MD), thyromental distance (TMD), thyromental area (TMA), Mallampati grades, and Cormack and Lehane grades are measured. T-test and Chi-square test are done (P < 0.05). Results: In the mandibular prognathism cases, the measurements of MD, TMD and TMA are more greater than those of controls (P < 0.05). Mallampati grades with tongue thrust are higher in the female mandibular prognathism cases than those of female controls. Most of the grades of the mandibular prognathism cases with Cormack and Lehane grading system are I or II being easy intubation cases (P < 0.05) Conclusions: In the patients of mandibular prognathism, the intubation with laryngoscope will be easer than that of normal mandible in general. It is for that their laryngeal aperture can be easily visible when the laryngoscope are used.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8149-8153
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• 2014

Background: To compare the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) qualitative and quantitative analysis in the identification of breast tumor lumps. Materials and Methods: Qualitative and quantitative indicators of CEUS for 73 cases of breast tumor lumps were retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate approaches. Logistic regression was applied and ROC curves were drawn for evaluation and comparison. Results: The CEUS qualitative indicator-generated regression equation contained three indicators, namely enhanced homogeneity, diameter line expansion and peak intensity grading, which demonstrated prediction accuracy for benign and malignant breast tumor lumps of 91.8%; the quantitative indicator-generated regression equation only contained one indicator, namely the relative peak intensity, and its prediction accuracy was 61.5%. The corresponding areas under the ROC curve for qualitative and quantitative analyses were 91.3% and 75.7%, respectively, which exhibited a statistically significant difference by the Z test (P<0.05). Conclusions: The ability of CEUS qualitative analysis to identify breast tumor lumps is better than with quantitative analysis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1493-1499
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• 2005

Background. Adequate staffing is necessary to meet patient care needs and provide safe, quality nursing care. In November 1999, the Korean government implemented a new staffing policy that differentiates nursing fees for inpatients based on nurse-to-bed ratios. The purpose was to prevent hospitals from delegating nursing care to family members of patients or paid caregivers, and ultimately deteriorating the quality of nursing care services. Purpose. To examine nurse staffing levels and related factors including hospital, nursing and medical staff, and financial characteristics. Methods. A cross-sectional design was employed using two administrative databases, Medical Care Institution Database and Medical Claims Data for May 1-31, 2002. Nurse staffing was graded from 1 to 6, based on grading criteria of nurse-to-bed ratios provided by the policy. The study sample consisted of 42 tertiary and 186 general acute care hospitals. Results. None of tertiary or general hospitals gained the highest nurse staffing of Grade 1 (i.e., less than 2 beds per nurse in tertiary hospitals; less than 2.5 beds per nurse in general hospitals). Two thirds of the general hospitals had the lowest staffing of Grade 6 (i.e., 4 or more beds per nurse in tertiary hospitals; 4.5 or more beds per nurse in general hospitals). Tertiary hospitals were better staffed than general hospitals, and private hospitals had higher staffing levels compared to public hospitals. Large-sized general hospitals located in metropolitan areas had higher staffing than other general hospitals. Occupancy rate was positively related to nurse staffing. A negative relationship between nursing assistant and nurse staffing was found in general hospitals. A greater number of physician specialists were associated with better nurse staffing. Conclusions. The staffing policy needs to be evaluated and modified to make it more effective in leading hospitals to increase nurse staffing.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

The high-flowing concrete requires additionally or excessively more expensive admixture than conventional concrete. So, the concrete has not to be widely used in practical field due to the increase of production price, need of additional facilities, and excessive development of concrete strength in associate with addition of too much cementitious material even though it has more significant advantages than conventional concrete. Thus, this study aims at developing high-flowing concrete with general strength unlike high strength which has been carried out in conventional study. To observe the role of aggregate in the concrete quantitatively and to increase the performance of high-flowing concrete effectively, parametric studies were carried out such as W/C, s/a, fineness modulus of aggregate, contribution degree of particle sizes, and the effect of 13mm aggregate and fine stone powder as a partial replacement of aggregates. And the effect of these factors on performance of the concrete was evaluated by measuring slump-flow and gap of penetration height in U-typed instrument. As a result, it was found that flowability of high-flowing concrete depends upon grading of fine aggregate more significantly than that of coarse aggregate and is enhanced greatly as fineness modulus of fine aggregate decreases and the value of s/a increases. In addition, the application of 13mm aggregate and fine stone powder are expected as a partial replacement of aggregate in order to increase the performance of high-flowing concrete more effectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

Objective : To investigate how general characteristics and life habits of patients affect severity of acne which was determined by Korean Acne Grading system(KAGS). To adress correlation between the severity of acne and subjective stresses from which patients suffer. Methods : 86 patients answered to questionaire sheet on their general characteristics and life habits and rated their level of stresses as a number in the range between 0 and 10. Then an oriental medical doctor evaluated subject's acne grades, based of KAGS, through observations on papules, nodules, and scars before (medical) treatments. All data (collected) were analyzed using SPSS 22 (software for windows). To clearly demonstrate association of subjects general characteristics, life habits with KAGS grades, Chi-square tests were performed. The correlation between the KAGS grades and the level of stresses was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post-hoc analysis. Results & Conclusion : Majority of subjects were women, students between 15 and 25 years old, and patients with normal range of Body Mass Index(BMI). Dysmenorrhea presence and premenstrual exacerbation of acne had statistically significant relationship, suggesting their potential influences on KAGS grades as major factors.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Jung-an acupuncture on Bell's palsy(peripheral facial paralysis) patients. Methods : We investigated 24 cases of patients with peripheral facial paralysis. The patients were divided into two groups. Both Group A, B were treated with general acupuncture and Group A was added to treatment with Jung-an acupuncture. We evaluated the treatment effect of each group three times by using Yanagihara's unweighted grading system. Results : As a result of evaluation by using Yanagihara score, they were not significant scores between two groups after treatment. Conclusions : Jung-an acupuncture and general Acupuncture has significant effect on acute(before 4 weeeks at onset) Bell's palsy. But there is no statistical significance in Jung-an acupuncture on acute phase(within 4 weeks of onset).

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2024

This work presents a comprehensive investigation of buckling behavior of bidirectional functionally graded imperfect beams exposed to several thermal loading with general boundary conditions. The nonlinear governing equations are derived based on 2D shear deformation theory together with Von Karman strain-displacement relation. The beams are composed of two different materials. Its properties are porosity-dependent and are continuously distributed over the length and thickness of the beams following a defined law. The resulting equations are solved analytically in order to determine the thermal buckling characteristics of BDFG porous beams. The precision of the current solution and its accuracy have been proven by comparison with works previously published. Numerical examples are presented to explore the effects of the thermal loading, the elastic foundation parameters, the porosity distribution, the grading indexes and others factors on the nonlinear thermal buckling of bidirectional FG beam rested on elastic foundation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.16-29
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• 2021

Purpose: Incidence, risk factors, and clinical consequences of pancreatic fistula (POPF) after D1+/D2 radical gastrectomy have not been well investigated in Western patients, particularly those from Eastern Europe. Materials and Methods: A total of 358 D1+/D2 radical gastrectomies were performed by surgeons with high caseloads in a single surgical center from 2002 to 2017. A retrospective analysis of data that were prospectively gathered in an electronic database was performed. POPF was defined and graded according to the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) criteria. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify potential predictors of POPF. Additionally, the impact of POPF on early complications and long-term outcomes were investigated. Results: POPF was observed in 20 patients (5.6%), according to the updated ISGPS grading system. Cardiovascular comorbidities emerged as the single independent predictor of POPF formation (risk ratio, 3.051; 95% confidence interval, 1.161-8.019; P=0.024). POPF occurrence was associated with statistically significant increased rates of postoperative hemorrhage requiring re-laparotomy (P=0.029), anastomotic leak (P=0.002), 90-day mortality (P=0.036), and prolonged hospital stay (P<0.001). The long-term survival of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma was not affected by POPF (P=0.661). Conclusions: In this large series of Eastern European patients, the clinically relevant rate of POPF after D1+/D2 radical gastrectomy was low. The presence of co-existing cardiovascular disease favored the occurrence of POPF and was associated with an increased risk of postoperative bleeding, anastomotic leak, 90-day mortality, and prolonged hospital stay. POPF was not found to affect the long-term survival of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.