• 아동학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.82-97
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the developmental level of children's concept of gender by age and sex. (2) children's sex-specific behaviors by age and sex, and (3) children's sex-specific behaviors by developmental level of gender constancy. The subjects were 164 children (forty 3-year-olds, forty-three 5-year-olds, forty 7-year-olds and forty-one 9-year olds) with nearly equal numbers of boys and girls. They were selected from two kindergartens and one elementary school. A quasi experiment was carried out with the procedures described by Slaby and Frey (1976) to measure children's developmental level of the concept of gender constancy. Two experiments were carried out to observe children's sex-specific behaviors: one for children's toy choice behavior and the other for children's interaction with their peers. Statistical methods adopted for data analysis were frequencies. percentiles, mean. and $X^2$. It was found that children's sex-specific behaviors were different according to their developmental level of gender constancy. Children's developmental level of gender constancy was significantly different according to their age, but there was no difference according to their sex. Children's toy-choice behavior was significantly different according to their age and sex. Children's sex-specific behaviors were significantly different according to their concept of gender constancy.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.561-572
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify gender role identity and stereotypes and to explore the relationship between gender role identity and stereotype among college students. Method: The subjects consisted of 245 college students in Daegu. Each participant was administered the KGRII of Lee, Kim, Koh(2002) and Sex Stereotype scales modified by Kim, Dongil(1999). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, $x^2-test$, Sheffe test with SPSS 11.0 PC Program. Result: 1. For male students, masculinity type(32.4%) was most prevalent but for female students, feminity type (29.3%) was most common. 2. Female students were inclined to oppose traditional sex-role rather than male students. And the over 23 years old group tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than other aged group. 3. The Androginy typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with undifferentiated typed group. Conclusion: These results suggest that gender role identity and sex stereotype were difference in sex and age. And the androgyny typed group had more progressive sex-role compared with other gender role identity typed group.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.19-34
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• 2020

Objective: This study investigated the effects of the firstborn's gender and temperament on the fertility intention and follow-up childbirth of parents. Methods: A total 120 firstborns and their mothers were selected from the sample of the Panel Study on Korean Children. Child temperament traits were measured by Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire(ECBQ) and mothers stated their fertility intention in 2009 when their first child was under 2 years old. Follow-up childbirth of mothers was assessed from the data of PSKC in 2016. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference by gender in follow-up birth. Among aspects of temperament, fertility intention was affected by the firstborn's inhibitory control and follow-up birth was affected by the firstborn's gender and discomfort. For mothers with a boy, the firstborn's soothability affected mothers' follow-up childbirth. Conclusion/Implications: These results imply that gender and temperament of the first child are connected to mothers' fertility intention and follow-up childbirth. Extra studies are required to clarify how those factors affect mothers' parenting or psychological status. Meanwhile, the firstborn's gender and temperament should be considered when developing support programs for families with one child in order to increase follow-up birth rate.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.315-333
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 영재학생과 일반학생의 시간관리 행동과 생활만족도를 조사하고 시간관리 행동과 생활만족도의 관계를 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 경기도 소재 영재학급 중학생 104명과 중학교 일반학생 203명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영재학생과 일반학생의 시간관리 행동은 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 영재학생의 시간관리 행동이 일반학생보다 유의미하게 높았다(p<.05). 영재학생은 성별에 따른 시간관리 행동에 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 일반학생은 성별에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였으며 여학생이 남학생보다 시간관리를 잘하는 것으로 나타났다. 이원변량분석 결과 집단과 성별 간에 유의미한 상호작용효과는 나타나지 않았다(p>.05). 둘째, 영재학생과 일반학생의 생활만족도에는 유의미한 차이가 나타났고, 영재학생이 일반학생보다 생활만족도가 유의미하게 높았다(p<.05). 영재학생과 일반학생 모두 성별에 따라 생활만족도에 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 집단과 성별 간 상호작용 효과가 유의미하지 않았다(p>.05). 셋째, 일반학생과 영재학생의 시간관리 행동과 생활만족도 간의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 두 집단 모두에서 시간관리 행동과 생활만족도 간에 유의미한 정적 상관관계가 있음을 밝혔다. 시간관리 행동이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 시간관리 행동이 생활만족도에 유의미하게 영향을 미친다는 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국노년학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 장애문제와 노인문제를 동시에 경험하는 취약한 집단인 장애노인을 대상으로 9가지 일상생활만족도와 일상생활만족도에 영향을 주는 요인에 성별차이가 있는지 살펴보았다. 이를 분석하기 위하여 '제1차 장애인고용패널조사(2008)' 중 만65세 장애노인 386명을 추출하였다. 연구질문을 확인하기 위한 분석방법은 독립표본티검정, 다중회귀분석방법을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 장애노인의 9가지 일상생활만족도 차원 중 6가지 차원이 성별차이가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 장애노인의 일상생활만족도에 영향을 주는 요인을 비교 분석한 결과, 여성 장애노인과 남성장애노인은 일상생활만족도 영향요인의 차이가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 공통적으로 '사회경제적 지위: 하층', '건강상태: 나쁜 편', '만성질병 있음', '가족과 타인의 도움필요', '장애정도: 중증'이 일상생활만족도에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 주는 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과로부터 남녀장애노인에 대한 건강지원정책 및 프로그램을 제공, 장애인활동보조서비스 확대, 중증장애노인에 대한 보다 적극적인 정책 및 실천적으로 지원할 수 방안을 제언하였다. 반면에 차별영향 요인은 연령과 교육수준으로 분석되었다. 즉, 여성 장애노인은 연령이 높을수록 일상생활만족도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 남성 장애 노인은 교육수준이 무학일 경우보다 중졸과 고졸이상일수록 생활만족도가 높게 나타났다.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.352-367
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• 2021

Purpose: This research aims to examine gender preferences for men and women advertising models in Saudi advertisements. Saudi Arabia is known as one of the most gender-segregated society in the world, and it has gender-specific roles, characteristics, and behaviors that are undesirable for the other gender. Methodology: The questionnaire was developed with the help of earlier studies on perceptions towards advertising models and validated by a jury of experts and focus groups. The gender preferences for ten product categories (including automobiles, baby care products, cigarettes, cosmetics for women, fashion, food & beverages, motorcycles, personal care for men, personal care for women, sporting goods) were examined for men and women models. Similarly, three personal preferences characteristics for both genders (face beauty, voice quality, and Islamic dress), two characteristics for women models (body shape, femininity), and two characteristics for men models (height-weight balance, masculinity) were examined for men and women models separately. Finally, a survey was conducted to solicit responses from respondents (N=412). Findings: Results indicated significant gender preferences for gender-specific product categories and typical gender stereotypes in advertising models. Men models were preferred in men-specific products, and women models were required in women-specific products. Some product categories (including personal care for men and sporting goods) were ranked higher for men advertising models, while for women advertising models, other product categories (including personal care for women and cosmetics for women) were ranked higher. Masculinity was ranked highest as the preferred personal characteristic for men advertising models, while voice quality was highest for women advertising models. Finally, there is a significant difference between the preferred personal characteristic for men and women advertising models for three characteristics, including face beauty, Islamic dress, and masculinity and femininity. Implications: Saudi Arabia is a unique society with predominantly unique cultural dominance. Consequently, local culture greatly influences advertisements. It has stereotyped gender roles even in advertisements. This study will establish a baseline for further research on the subject area.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2006

This study investigated differences of opinion between youth and their parents about having permission to date. Opinions on youth dating permission was gathered from 150 adolescents and their parents. The results were as follows: first, for adolescents there were significant differences of opinion about youth dating permission depending on gender, age, scholastic record, and birth order, but for parents, the difference related to the gender and age of adolescents. Second, the result indicated that adolescents had a greater acceptance of dating permission than their parents, expressing a generational difference. Third, where the scholastic record of subjects was low, where subjects were non-eldest siblings, and where the parents' level of youth dating permission was high, the level of youth dating permission was higher. A main predictor of youth's level of dating permission was the level of the parents about youth dating.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2001

The purpose of this was to investigate the relationship institutionalized childrens ego-identities and internal locus of control to behavior problems. The subjects were 119 5th and 6th graders(58 boys, 61 girls) who were institutionalized in Seoul. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) The institutionalized childrens internal locus of control and ego-identity were not significant difference in gender, reason for entering the institution and duration in he institution. The institutionalized childrens internal locus of control was significantly related to their ego-identity. The more internal locus of control, the higher ego-identity. 2) The institutionalized childrens behavior problems were not significant difference in gender and duration in the institution, but were significant difference reason for entering the institution. The children who were institutionalized by parents absence were more likely to have behavior problems than children by economic problem or marital conflict. The institutionalized childrens behavior problems were significantly related to their ego-identities and internal locus of control. The less internal locus of control, the more behavior problems, and the less ego-identities, the more behavior problems.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2006

The studies on impression formation usually have focused on the effect of certain appearance features which elevates perceptual evaluation. This study tried to find out whether there is a consensus on impression formation between the perceived person and the perceiver and if the gender is any significant variable to cast any difference on the impression evaluation. Seven photos of voluntary students in ppt file were projected to 143 students attending a university psychology class and were subjected to a impression evaluation questionnaire consisting of 28 adjective scales. The analysis of result revealed: 1) There was a significant difference between the impression evaluation scores of the perceivers and the perceived; the self evaluation of the perceived person was higher than the perceivers' evaluation. 2) There was also a significant evaluation score difference between the genders of the perceivers; the female perceivers rated the stimuli higher than the male perceivers. There was no interaction effect between the genders of the perceivers and the perceived.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2019

본 연구는 은퇴를 주로 부정적인 생애사건으로 분류하였던 기존 인식에서 벗어나 보다 긍정적인 관점에서 다루고자 하였다. 취업자를 참조집단으로 하여, 은퇴자의 은퇴 만족 여부(만족 은퇴, 불만족 은퇴)가 삶의 만족도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고, 성별에 따른 차이를 검증하였다. 연구대상은 1~2차년도 고령화연구패널조사(KLoSA) 참여자 중 45세 이상의 취업자 1,886명, 은퇴자 723명으로 총 2,609명이며, 은퇴자는 1~2차년도 지속적 불만족 은퇴자와 만족 은퇴자로 구분하였다. 연구방법은 SPSS 21.0을 사용한 중다회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 남녀 집단 간 차이를 보다 명확히 하기위해 성별에 따른 회귀계수의 차이를 Mplus 7.3을 사용하여 다집단 분석(Multi-Group Analysis)을 통해 검증한 뒤, Wald-Test를 실시하였다. 본 연구결과에 따르면, 불만족 은퇴자와 만족 은퇴자의 삶의 만족도는 상반되는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 은퇴에 불만족할 경우 취업자보다 삶의 만족도는 낮은 반면, 은퇴에 만족할 경우 오히려 취업자보다도 삶의 만족도가 높다는 결과가 도출되었다. 또한, 남녀 모두 불만족 은퇴자는 취업자보다 삶의 만족도가 낮았고, 이 효과는 여성에게서 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 여성의 경우 만족 은퇴자의 삶의 만족도는 취업자보다 높은 반면, 남성의 경우 이러한 영향력이 유의미하다는 증거가 발견되지 않았다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 은퇴자 집단의 이질성 및 생애과정에서의 성차에 대한 논의가 이루어졌다.