• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.49-68
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• 2013

The purpose of the present study was to examine how dimensions of socialization practice and relationship quality may function to manage or increase parent-adolescent conflict. Of particular concern was to examine the comparative efficacy of potential predictors of parent-adolescent conflict across three cultural groups consisting of samples from Mainland China, Russia, and the U.S. as well as across gender-of-parent/gender-of-adolescent dyads from each culture. Findings from a sample of 1,365 adolescents indicated that adolescents' perceptions of parental influences on parent-adolescent conflict differ across cultural groups and gender-of-adolescent. The use of punitive behavior by parents was the strongest and most consistent predictor of parent-adolescent conflict across all cultural groups and gender dyads, suggesting that a general pattern exists for punitiveness to increase parent-adolescent conflict cross-culturally. Perceptions of support, monitoring, conformity to parents, and autonomy from parents influenced parent-adolescent conflict within some of the cultures and selectively for adolescent boys and girls.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2011

This study was aimed at investigating the gender differences in the relationships among parental attachment, educational gender egalitarianism, and achievement motivation in university students in Korea. A total of 338 students from the Seoul and Kyungnam areas participated in this study. The results found that male students showed lower levels of mother attachment and educational egalitarianism and higher levels of achievement motivation compared to female students. For female students, parental attachment and educational egalitarianism were significantly correlated with achievement motivation; however, no such relationships were detected in male students. For male students, social and demographic variables were more predictive of achievement motivation than attachment or educational egalitarianism.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

This study investigated whether Korean mothers' emotion socialization beliefs are related to emotional functioning in children differing across gender. We interviewed Korean mothers (N = 100) of first graders (55 boys; 45 girls) about their sensitivity, their reactions to children's distress, and children's emotion regulation. Two components of emotion regulation were distinguished: regulation and negativity. Results revealed that mothers' proactive sensitivity and their supportive reactions were related to their children's regulation, whereas unsupportive reactions were related to children's negativity. Child gender moderated the associations between mothers' socialization beliefs and children's emotion regulation: mothers' proactive sensitivity was more strongly associated with competent regulation in girls than in boys. Mothers' unsupportive reactions were related to increased negativity only in girls. Results are discussed from a cultural perspective, focusing on gender differences in the links between maternal socialization and children's emotional outcomes in Korea.

• 영미문화
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.241-267
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• 2014

Media representations of race have attempted to contain blackness by packaging and commodifying it to reflect and affect preconceptions and prejudices of dominant culture. From the early beginnings of blackface minstrelsy as entertainment form in the $19^{th}$ century, representations of African Americans in popular culture and mainstream media have been closely associated with the notion of performance. The performative nature of racial representations is situated within the discursive struggle over what it meant to be Black, or what it meant to be labeled and portrayed as Black in American culture. This essay discusses four films that contain performances of "blackness" that assemble race and gender in complex configurations: Bamboozled (Spike Lee, 2000), Girl 6 (Spike Lee, 1996), Big Momma's House (Raja Gosnell, 2000), and White Chicks (Keenen Ivory Wayans, 2004). I explore how the performative nature of "blackness" is emphasized, thematized, and problematized in these films through the physicality of corporeal figures that embody the close link between race and gender identities. Once we are cognizant of the fact that race and gender are fabricated cultural constructs and performative acts, we can recognize that notions of "blackness" and "femininity" are not naturalized or essentialist, but open to recontextualization and revision.

• 미국학
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.111-136
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• 2020

This paper aims to reveal how the fundamental assumptions informing race and gender issues in contemporary society have remained relatively unchanged by examining how such issues pervade Octavia Butler's Kindred. By exploring the protagonist of the novel, Dana's actions in her present (1976 Los Angeles) and the antebellum past in addition to her maternal ancestor, Alice's actions, a clear picture of contemporary and antebellum views of race and gender is provided. Particularly interesting are the reactions of the characters to Dana's and Alice's interracial relationships and the circumstances on the Weylin plantation. By juxtaposing the two times, a deeper commentary on the lack of fundamental change in the present treatment of such issues is then revealed. Furthermore, a potential path to addressing this lack of change is suggested by Butler through Dana and Kevin's successful interracial relationship.

• 의정연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.5-40
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• 2021

본 연구는 여성의 투표 참여의 중요성에 주목하여 2017년 이후 치러진 세 개의 다른 선거에 대해 중앙선거관리위원회가 제공한 투표율 자료를 사용해 투표율에서의 성차에 관해 집합 수준 분석을 시도하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 집합 수준에서 볼 때 한국에서도 투표율과 관련해 현대적 성차는 선거의 종류와 상관없이 대다수 지역에서 확인되었다. 둘째, 투표율에서의 성차가 나이에 따라 달라지는 현상이 확인되었다. 고령층에서 투표율이 감소하는 이른바 '과부 효과'에서의 성차, 그리고 새롭게 유권자가 된 집단에서 현대적 성차는 몇몇 지역을 제외한 대부분 지역에서 나타났다. 나아가 한국 사회의 특성을 반영하는 20대 후반에서 발생하는 투표율의 역전된 성차 현상은 모든 선거에서 지역을 불문하고 뚜렷하게 확인되었다. 셋째, 경제적으로 발전된 곳에서 투표율의 역전된 성차가 더 뚜렷해지는지 여부는 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 도시화가 진전될수록 연령대별로 현대적 성차 경향은 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 한국에서 가장 근대화한 서울시 자치구 투표율을 분석한 결과, 서울시 내에서 가장 근대적인 강남구와 서초구는 다른 구와 비교할 때 현대적 성차 경향이 오히려 약하고, 이른 연령대에서 전통적 성차로 전환하는 모습을 보인다. 위의 결과는 투표율에서의 현대적 성차는 이제 한국정치에서 보편적인 현상이고, 새롭게 충원된 현대적 성차가 계속될수록 더욱 강화될 수 있어 여성 유권자의 정치행태에 더욱 주목해야 하지만, 이를 더욱 근본적으로 이해하기 위해서는 근대화가 진전될수록 자연스럽게 투표율에서 현대적 성차 경향이 강화될 것이라는 발전론(developmental theory)적 접근을 넘는 새로운 접근이 필요하다는 함의를 준다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.77-97
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the relations among parent-reported, teacher-reported, and task-observed effortful control, and 2) the differences of preschoolers' effortful control based on preschoolers' gender and parenting behaviors (affectionate, controlled). In this study, the subjects were 221 preschoolers (104 boys, 117 girls) and their parents. The preschoolers' effortful controls was measured by Effortful Control Battery (Snack Delay, Turtle and Rabbit, and Red-Green Sign) and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form. Parenting behavior was measured by the Parenting Style scale. The major results of this study were as follows. First, there were positive correlations between parent-reported effortful control and both teacher-reported and task-observed effortful control. Second, there were significant differences in preschoolers' effortful control by gender and level of affectionate parenting behavior. And there was an interaction effect between gender and level of affectionate parenting behavior on preschoolers' effortful control. The implications of this study were as follows. It is needed to evaluate effortful control in various circumstances and by multiple raters, and affectionate parenting behavior had an important role upon boys' effortful control rather than that of girls.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.115-135
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the complementary gender division of housework in the Yangban ruling class of the Choson period. During the Choson period, genders were distinctly divided. It was generally regarded that women had to stay indoors and take care of household matters, while men, on the other hand, did not need to be concerned with housework because of the Confucian practice of "Naeoe". But homes in traditional society were considered as being at the center of production, so the study explores if women and men complemented each other through reviewed literature. As the results indicate, women and men in the Choson period complemented each other in some housework, even in the Yangban ruling class who maintained their authority by following the Confucian practice. From the findings, it can be concluded that the complementary relations between women and men in the Choson period should be emphasized as the origin of shared housework.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.7-33
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• 2013

The ultimate goal of women's studies and feminist critics is to improve the understanding on women and recognize women's values. When we examine the Korean women's history on the viewpoint of gender, we can find that the gender role is not fixed. We do not have any proofs that there are any kinds of gaps between women and men in ability and temperament. All of women's identity and subjectivity in status and activities was not insignificant. Especially women's subjectivity in high social standing was superior. The women's activities in economic area were energetically. The productive activities were lively, too. The patrilineal decent is usual in Chana though China is in the same Confucianism cultural area. But patrilineal and matrilineal decent were popular used until the early days in Chosun Dynasty. Only sons can be inherited father's estate in China but it's not in our country. Also the patriarch had the economic power in family in China but the housewives had the power in ours. The feminism has been making efforts for the equality of sexes and the dismantling of the patriarchal sex role for a long time. Every feminist activities included feminist theory and cultural criticism has the goal to increase women's liberty and equality and change the world. This study to understand the historical substance of Korean women is on the way, too.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2022

The article is timed to coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of Ukraine's independence. Based on the generalization of fundamental and applied studies of scientists, the author's vision of such category as the gender parity is conceptualized. Based on the analysis of historical events related to the development of the state, the formation of cultural and social values in determining the gender identity of modern society is substantiated. Based on the analysis of literary and regulatory sources, the structure of the state administration of Ukraine is visualized, which has become the basis for the diagnosis of gender aspects. Based on the analysis, the problems of gender parity in the public administration system of Ukraine are identified.