• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Korean parents on environmental education for their elementary children. To accomplish of this purpose, a questionnaire survey was administered to 231 (55 males, 176 females) parents from elementary school in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The self-reported Environmental Education Attitude Scale was revised and adopted to measure the difference among children's grade, gender, and age of parents. The SPSS 12.0 program was used to analyze the data. The major finding of this study represented that elementary parents have a great understanding about the importance of environmental education. Through the analyses, this study found several things. 1) There were significant differences among grade and age in the necessity of environmental education. However, there were no gender differences in this field. In other words, parents have strong agreement with the necessity of environmental education in childhood. 2) There were significant differences among grade in the effect of environmental education. However, there were no gender and age differences in this area. 3) There were significant differences among grade and gender in proper areas of environmental education according to academic years. However, there was no significant age difference in this questionnaire. 4) There were significant differences among grade, gender, and age group in the level of environmental education. 5) There were significant differences among grade, gender, and age in the subject for environmental education. Further implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.339-346
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• 1989

The Purpose of this study were; (1) to investigate the relationship between Masculine Gender Role Stress and four aspects of Clothing behavior, (2) to ascertain whether differences exist among demographic variables on Masculine Gender Role Stress and Clothing behavior, (3) to investigate the relationship among the four aspects of Clothing behavior. Masculine Gender Role Stress was assessed by Eisler & Skidmore's Scale. Four aspects of Clothing (Conformity, Satisfaction, Exhibition, Brand Orientation) were assessed by Chung's, Lim's & Lee's, Shim's and Kim's questionnaires. The samples were consisted of 236 male students in Seoul. The statistical analyses of the obtained data included calculation of the Mean, S.D., Correlation, ANOVA and Regression. The Results were as follows; (1) Masculine Gender Role Stress was positively related to conformity, exhibition of Clothing and negatively related to satisfaction of Clothing. (2) There were significant differences among three groups of Major on Clothing behavior. (3) There were significant differences among three groups of locations of high school on Masculine Gender Role Stress. (4) There were significant relationships among each Clothing variables. Positive relationship were found between Exhibition and Brand Orientation of Clothing. Negative relationships existed between (i) Conformity and Satisfaction, Exhibition, Brand Orientation of Clothing, (ii) Satisfaction and Exhibition, Brand Orientation of Clothing.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.933-939
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of job performance satisfaction and self-efficacy according to gender role identity in the dental hygienist. Methods: Data collection was performed from June 21 to July 31, 2015. The survey was composed of questions on the subject's general demographical profile, gender role identity, job satisfaction, job performace satisfaction, and self-efficacy as a dental hygienist. The job performance satisfaction and self-efficacy were done by Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: 1. The highest job performance satisfaction was shown as unclassified (36.6%), bisexuality (27.8%0, feminity (19.8%), and masculinity (15.9%). 2. There was a significant difference between the satisfaction as a dental hygienist and self-efficacy among the group (p<0.001). 3. Both female and male dental hygienists had the highest satisfaction and self-efficacy with the job performance. Conclusions: The satisfaction and self-efficacy with the job performance were influenced by gender role identity. Therefore, in order to enhance the satisfaction and self-efficacy as a dental hygienist, the education for the dental hygienist must include the gender role identity in the future.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

We have not identified on what gender difference during gait at a pace of one's preferred velocity effects on the function of bilateral lower limb. This study was undertaken to investigate a difference of gait strategy by gender during gait at a one's preferred velocity of participants of adult male and female (n=20). Cinematographic data for motion analysis, ground reaction force (GRF) variables, and muscle volume of lower limb were analyzed. Significant difference of variables on movement of center of mass whole body, joint angle and moment of lower limb, and ground reaction force were tested by 2-way ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). Male group showed more muscle volume than female, and both showed more volume in dominant leg than non-dominant. Main effect by bilateral leg during gait showed higher difference in right than left leg in change of vertical position of center of mass (maximal, minimal). Main effect by gender in vertical change of position and velocity of center of mass showed higher difference in male than female (maximal, minimal). Hip joint showed more flexed and extended angle in male than female, and also dorsiflexion of ankle and flexion moment of knee and hip joint showed higher in male than female group. Therefore, this result was assumed that dominant showed furthermore more contribution for propulsive function than non-dominant leg. Gender difference showed in strategy controlling of biomechanical characteristics, and perhaps influenced by muscle volume.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.474-482
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender difference of relationships between the self-esteem and physical and mental health of adolescents. The sample were consisted of 410 adolescents, 202 boys and 208 girls in two urban city of Korea and the mean age was 17.4 years old. The instruments used in this study were Hare Self-Esteem Scale(Hare, 1985) and School Health Efficacy Questionnaire(Froman & Owen, 1991) which is consisted of both physical and mental health. The results showed that there was no gender difference in self-esteem of adolescents. However, the school domain of self-esteem was related to physical health of boys, and both the family domain and the school domain of self-esteem were related to physical health of girls. And both the school domain and the peer domain of self-esteem were positively related to mental health of boys, and all domains of self-esteem(peer, school, and family) were positively related to mental health of girls. In conclusion, there was not gender difference in degree of self-esteem, but there were gender difference in specific domains of self-esteem related with physical and mental health in adolescents.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2002

The movie costumes may serve to change individuals'ego identity, shift a gender identity to another one and make multiple and plural gender identities shared. The unique identities shown in movies can influence the audience to the extent that they will imitate characters's costumes or appearance in their real life, replacing their inner, unrealizable and private fantasy with real one. The purpose of this study is to review the movies produced in 1930's and thereafter by categorizing the socio-cultural gender concepts into masculinity and feminity. Masculinity and Feminity are not attributions fixed by some physical characteristics, but it tends to be changed or expended by some social factors over time. In short, it may be a flexible, plural, individual and self-introspecive attribute. Movies present diverse types of masculinity and feminity, and in particular, the movie costumes specify them. In other words, the costumes may be model means expressing the masculinity and feminity, and the gender identities shown in the movies tend to be imitated, re-created or assumed by the audience. All in all, the movie costumes serve to take on the confrontation of masculinity and feminity between inner, unrealizable and private fantasy and external reality and thereby, expand it from internal to external issue and thus, change or reform masculinity and feminity.

• 대한가정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한가정학회 2003년도 제56차 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to describe the situation of everyday life of women and men in Germany and gender related aspects. Therefore social demographical data, presented by the Office for European Statistics, Luxembourg and by German statistical data, are used. Based on this data the different roles, responsibilities, and social positions of women and men are interpreted in the context of the idea of mainstreaming gender. In comparison to other European countries, especially to the Scandinavian countries, the situation of women in Germany still has to be improved. It is a prevalent problem for women to arrange family life and working career, because the gender-related role-allocationis still an issue. Women, who are involved in looking after children, are significantly less engaged in business life, as for men caring does not make a difference, whether they are employed or not. In addition to this fact women on average earn less than men, especially for women working in higher positions. To improve the situation of women and men the German government has initiated a 'Gender Mainstreaming Policy' in 2000 and has taken important legal measures which make it possible to reconcile family-life and gainful employment. For Home Economists there is a need to integrate the gender dimension into a household analytical approach.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2016

Due to advances in omics technologies, numerous genome-wide studies on human samples have been published, and most of the omics data with the associated clinical information are available in public repositories, such as Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. While analyzing several public datasets, we observed that errors in gender information occur quite often in public datasets. When we analyzed the gender description and the methylation patterns of gender-specific probes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], ephrin-B1 [EFNB1], and testis specific protein, Y-linked 2 [TSPY2]) in 5,611 samples produced using Infinium 450K HumanMethylation arrays, we found that 19 samples from 7 datasets were erroneously described. We also analyzed 1,819 samples produced using the Affymetrix U133Plus2 array using several gender-specific genes (X (inactive)-specific transcript [XIST], eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y-linked [EIF1AY], and DEAD [Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp] box polypeptide 3, Y-linked [DDDX3Y]) and found that 40 samples from 3 datasets were erroneously described. We suggest that the users of public datasets should not expect that the data are error-free and, whenever possible, that they should check the consistency of the data.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.655-664
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• 2006

This study aims to examine the gender characteristics depending on golfers' criteria of choosing golf-wear and to identify the differences in consumption propensity. The research methodology was through the use of questionnaires, completed by golfers in Gyeongnam. As a result of examining the gender differences in the criteria of choosing golf-wear, it has been found that female golfers give more considerations to suitability to body, care convenience, and functionality than male golfers do when choosing golf-wear. As a result of analyzing the factors regarding the consumption propensity of golf-wear, they are categorized into ostentaion, fashion, aesthetic appreciation and practicality. According to the consumption propensity, male golfers were classified into three groups: ostentatious perfection, practical, common group. Female golfer were classified into three groups: practical, common, ostentatious perfection group. Groups of men golfers showed significant differences in the factors of ostentation, fashion and aesthetic appreciation of the consumption propensity. Groups of women golfers, however, showed significant differences in the factors of ostentation and practicality of the consumption propensity. It is considered that marketers need to develop golf-wear according to the gender characteristics by referring to the fact that choice criteria differ according to gender and consumption propensity.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.229-239
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• 2020

This paper examines the impact of gender on access to debt finance among Vietnamese enterprises. The paper investigates data and variables retrieved from the World Bank Enterprise Survey dataset using five Probit models. The regression results suggest that there exist more unfavourable debt financing conditions for women-led firms (WLF), measured as a lower probability of having loan applications fully approved. Firm's age, working sector, and perception of access to finance as a difficulty are found to have explanatory power on the discrimination. More importantly, the perception of debt finance as a difficulty or firms' level of confidence significantly explains the variance of the dependent variable of probability of loan approval, or gender effect would be more pronounced if the firm already has a low level of confidence. The paper also contributes in testing for the gender effect on Vietnamese enterprises from different sectors and scale, unlike other prior research papers focusing on specific sectors and/or small and medium enterprises only. The findings are highly useful for Vietnamese credit institutions to set out a specific business policy to attract more WLFs and help promoting gender equality in the working environment, especially in debt financing, which is often neglected in existing regulation and policy frameworks.