• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.288-298
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• 1992

Since the major important factors limiting plant growth and crop productivity are environmental stresses, of which low temperature is the most serious. It has been well known that many physiological processes are alterant in response to the environmental stress. With regard to the relationship between plant hormones and the regulation of chilling tolerance in rice seedlings, the major physiological roles of plant hormones: abscisic acid, ethylene and polyamines are evaluated and discussed in this paper. Rice seedlings were grown in culture solution to examine the effect of such plant hormones on physiological characters related to chilling tolerance and also to compare the different responses among tested cultivars. Intact seedlings about 14 day-old were chilled at conditions of 5$^{\circ}C$ and 80% relative humidity for various period. Cis-(＋)-ABA content was measured by the indirect ELISA technique. Polyamine content and ethylene production in leaves were determined by means of HPLC and GC respectively. Chilling damage of seedlings was evaluated by electrolyte leakage, TTC viability assay or servival test. Our experiment results described here demonstrated the physiological functions of ABA, ethylene, and polyamines related to the regulation of chilling tolerance in rice seedlings. Levels of cis-(＋)-ABA in leaves or xylem sap of rice seedlings increased rapidly in response to 5$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The tolerant cultivars had significant higher level of endogenous ABA than the sensitive ones. The ($\pm$)-ABA pretreatment for 48 h increased the chilling tolerance of the sensitive indica cultivar. One possible function of abscisic acid is the adjustment of plants to avoid chilling-induced water stress. Accumulation of proline and other compatible solutes is assumed to be another factor in the prevention of chilling injuies by abscisic acid. In addition, the expression of ABA-responsive gene is reported in some plants and may be involving in the acclimation to low temperature. Ethylene and its immediate precusor, 1-amincyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC) increased significantly after 5$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The activity of ACC synthase which converts S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to ACC enhanced earlier than the increase of ethylene and ACC. Low temperature increased ACC synthase activity, whereas prolonged chilling treatment damaged the conversion of ACC to ethylene. It was shown that application of Ethphon was beneficial to recovering from chilling injury in rice seedlings. However, the physiological functions of chilling-induced ethylene are still unclear. Polyamines are thought to be a potential plant hormone and may be involving in the regulation of chilling response. Results indicated that chilling treatment induced a remarkable increase of polyamines, especially putrescine content in rice seedlings. The relative higher putrescine content was found in chilling-tolerant cultivar and the maximal level of enhanced putrescine in shoot of chilling cultivar(TNG. 67) was about 8 folds of controls at two days after chilling. The accumulation of polyamines may protect membrane structure or buffer ionic imbalance from chilling damage. Stress physiology is a rapidly expanding field. Plant growth regulators that improve tolerance to low temperature may affect stress protein production. The molecular or gene approaches will help us to elucidate the functions of plant hormones related to the regulation of chilling tolerance in plants in the near future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2007

본 연구는 재래종 흑돼지육과 개량종 돼지육의 냉장저장중 향기성분 및 패턴을 비롯한 품질을 비교하고자 실시하였다. 사육기간이 모두 6개월인 70kg의 재래흑돼지 5두와 103kg의 개량종 돼지(Landrace×Yorkshire) 5두로부터 발골한 뒷다리육(M. Biceps femoris)을 진공 포장하여 2±0.2℃에 12일 동안 저장하였다. 일반성분을 보면 재래흑돼지육의 수분 함량이 개량종 돼지육 보다 낮았으나(p<0.05), 조단백질 및 조회분 함량은 높았다(p<0.05). pH는 재래흑돼지육이 낮았고(p<0.05), 그에 따라 가열감량은 높았다(p<0.05). 표면육색을 보면 저장기간 동안 재래흑돼지육의 a*, b* 값이 개량종 돼지육 보다 높았다(p<0.05). TBARS는 저장 8일부터, 전단력은 저장 8일까지 재래흑돼지육이 높았다(p<0.05). SPME-GC/MS에 의한 가열육의 향기성분에서 일부 차이를 보였으나, 전자코에 의한 향기패턴 차이는 없었다. 따라서 재래흑돼지육은 색깔이 붉고 짙으며, 가열감량이 높았고 조직감도 단단하였다. 또한 기계적으로 향기특성의 차이를 구별하지 못했지만, 관능검사상 재래흑돼지육이 우수한 기호도를 나타내었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to investigate an involvement of nitroxergic innervation in gastric smooth muscle of rat. Isometric tension study, the measurement of single cell length, NADPH diaphorase stain of smooth muscle layers and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) western blotting were performed. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, relaxed the muscle strips precontracted by acetylcholine (ACh) in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of L-arginine decreased the contraction induced by electric field stimulation (EFS). Pretreatment of $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester (L-NAME), a NOS inhibitor, increased the EFS-induced contractions. LY 83583, a guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitor, reversed the inhibitory actions of L-arginine on the muscle contractions. The effects of L-Arginine, L-NAME and LY 83583 on ACh-induced contractions were not significant. L-arginine reduced the EFS-induced contraction in circular muscle, whereas L-NAME enhanced the EFS-induced contraction in longitudinal strips. By EFS, the phasic contractions appeared approximately $20{\sim}25$ seconds later. L-NAME significantly shortened the delay time to about $2{\sim}3$ seconds. In single cell study, ACh contracted gastric smooth muscle cells, SNP relaxed the cells, and the latter also inhibited the ACh-induced contraction. LY 83583 enhanced the ACh-induced contraction and antagonized SNP-induced relaxation. NADPH diaphorase activity was assessed by a histochemistry, nitroblue tetrazolium (NTB) staining. Positive staining was observed in both circular and longitudinal muscle layers. L-arginine increased the staining, while L-NAME decreased the staining. Western blotting for nNOS proved the presence of nNOS in rat gastric smooth muscle. EFS and additional $Ca^{2+}$ increased nNOS protein expression. These results suggest that in rat stomach, both circular and longitudinal muscle layers are innervated with nitroxergic nerves which relax the gastric smooth muscle via NO-cGMP pathway.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1316-1324
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• 2014

신령버섯균사체(Agaricus blazei mycelia: ABM)를 대두박이 함유된 액체배지에 배양하고, 이것을 자가분해($53^{\circ}C$, pH 5.5, 120 rpm, 3 hr)하여 항암성이 강한 isoflavone-conjugated glycoprotein (Gluvone 이라 명명)을 분리하였다. Gluvone은 지금까지 알려진 당단백질과는 달리 분자량이 작고(9,400 Da), isoflavone이 결합되어 있다는 점이 다르다, Gluvone은 60% 탄수화물(glucose, fructose, ribose), 31% 단백질 및 2% isoflavone (daidzein, genistein)으로 구성되어 있었다. 이 Gluvone은 S-180 복수암세포, MCF-7 인체유선암세포에 대한 독성이 강하였고, S-180 세포로 유발한 mouse 복수암을 강하게 억제하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2013

소화성 질환의 중요 인자인 Helicobacter pylori를 저해하는 IgY, 목이버섯, 김치와 타락 유산균을 이용하여 생육 저해 상승 효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 동결 건조된 유산균 배양 상징액을 다양한 효소 처리 결과, 지질 분해 효소를 제외하고는 활성을 나타냈다. GC 분석을 통해 유산균 동결건조액의 지방산 조성은 undecanoic acid($C_{11:0}$), palmitic acid($C_{16:0}$), steraic acid($C_{18:0}$), oleic acid($C_{18:1}$)가 L. mensenteroides LABKW5와 S. thermophilus LAB KW15에서 모두 확인되었으며, eicosadienoic acid($C_{20:2}$)는 LAB KW5에서만 나타났다. 또한 유산균 동결건조액은 다른 식중독균에서도 spot assay의 결과, 그람 음성균 중에서 특히 E. coli O157:H7, E. coli, C. sakazakii 등에서 생육 저해능이 확인되었다. 목이버섯 추출물은 열수 추출과 ethanol를 이용해 분리하였으며, HPLC를 이용하여 목이버섯 추출 다당체를 분석한 결과, glucurono-xylomannan 혹은 glucomannan이 ${\beta}$-glucan과 함께 존재하는 혼합물일 것으로 되었다. 또한, 면역란은 1차 접종 후 11일째부터 주마다 2회씩 회수하여 IgY를 분리, 정제하였다. 실험을 통해 동결 건조된 유산균 배양 상징액, IgY, 목이버섯 추출액을 혼합 배양하여 배양시간에 따른 생육 저해력의 변화를 확인한 결과, 유산균에 의해 H. pylori의 저해 효과가 있었으며, IgY와 목이버섯의 혼합 시 추가 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 동결 건조된 유산균 배양 상징액, IgY, 목이버섯 추출액의 복합처리는 H. pylori를 제어하는데 효과적인 것으로 보인다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.239-244
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• 1998

본 실험은 더덕의 향기성분 향상과 식물정유의 함량을 높이기 위하여 토양환경가운데 pH를 인위적으로 조절하여 자생지에서 야생더덕이 가지는 고방향성의 특성을 노지에 재배할 경우 밭더덕에서도 고방향성을 갖는 재배기술을 확립하기 위하여 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 토양 pH 4.5에서 만장은 247cm로 가장 짧았고 토양 pH 6.5는 299cm로 생육이 가장 촉진되었으며 뿌리의 무게는 토양 pH 5.5와 6.5에서는 각각 17.9g과 15.6g으로 무거웠다. 2. 조단백질은 토양pH가 알칼리 토양으로 진행될수록 함량이 감소되었고 조회분은 토양 pH와는 무관하게 회분함량이 최저 2.99%에서 최고 3.85%로 대한약전 생약규격에 명시된 더덕의 회분함량 허용치인 4.0%이하였다. 3. 식물정유함량은 토양 pH 5.5에서 0.007%로 토양 pH 7.5보다 더 높은 함량을 보였다. 4. 토양 pH에 따른 더덕 뿌리의 향기성분은 총 48종이 확인되었으며 이중에서 1-hpxanol, cis-3-hexanol 및 trans-2-hrxanol의 화합물이 큰 변화를 보였다. 5. trans-2-hexanol은 토양 pH 6.5에서 1.87 % area로 가장 높았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.268-273
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• 1996

구기자 음료의 풍미 개선을 위하여 구기자를 가열 및 볶음 처리하여 추출물을 제조하고, 추출물의 성분, 색도, 향기성분을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 건조구기자의 성분은 수분 21.8%, 전당 27.6%, 환원당 15.2% 조단백질 14.3% 조지방 5.7%, 조섬유 7.5%, 회분 8.0% 이었다. 2. 추출물의 고형물을 기준으로 추출수율은 건조 구기자와 용매비를 높임에 따라 증가하였다. 3. 건조구기자 추출물 제조에 있어 고형물은 물추출이 가장 높았고, ethanol의 농도를 높임에 따라 감소하였다. 4. 구기자는 $140^{\circ}C$에서 8분간 볶음처리하고 $120^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 가열 처리 하였을 때 수율, 색도 등에 있어서 가장 양호 하였다. 5. 생구기자의 향기성분은 hexadecanoic acid, methyl linoleate, benzyl alcohol, dimethal benzene 이었으며 가열 및 볶음처리에 의하여 2-methyl-2-butenal, 1.4-dimethyl-benzene, benzyl alcohol 등은 감소 하였고 methyl thiopropanol, benzene acetaldehyde, ethyl linoleate는 증가 하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2016

Background: The induction of cellular defensive genes such as phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is a highly effective strategy for protection against carcinogenesis as well as slowing cancer development. Transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) is responsible for activation of phase II enzymes induced by natural chemopreventive compounds. Methods: Red ginseng oil (RGO) was extracted using a supercritical $CO_2$ extraction system and chemical profile of RGO was investigated by GC/MS. Effects of RGO on regulation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway were determined by ARE-luciferase assay, western blotting, and confocal microscopy. Results: The predominant components of RGO were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (31.48%), bicyclo[10.1.0] tridec-1-ene (22.54%), and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (16.90%). RGO treatment significantly increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as ARE reporter gene activity, leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Phosphorylation of the upstream kinases such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MKK)4/7, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK were enhanced by treatment with RGO. In addition, RGO-mediated Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation was attenuated by JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. Conclusion: RGO could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent, possibly by induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II enzymes via ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.428-431
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• 1997

국내연안에 자생하는 13종류의 홍조류를 남해안의 다대포, 광안리 그리고 송도에서 채취하여 구성성분 및 수용성 성분의 수율과 해조다당류의 이화학적 특성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 황산기 함량을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 회분함량은 꼬시래기의 경우 $8.57\%$로 가장 낮았으며 송도에서 채취한 붉은잎은 $30.23\%$로 종류에 따른 함량 차가 클 뿐만 아니라 같은 종류일지라도 채취장소에 따른 차이도 많았다. 단백질 함량은 광안리 풀가사리의 경우 $18.11\%$로 가장 낮았고 송도 붉은까막살의 경우 $33.90\%$로 가장 높았다. 지방은 $0.11\~0.90\%$로 모든 홍조류에서 함량이 $1\%$미만이었다. 수용성 성분의 수율은 남해안의 송도에서 채취한 붉은 까막살의 경우 $4.32\%$로 가장 적었고 광안리 깃꼴진두발은 $55.78\%$로 수율이 가장 많았다. 수용성 성분중의 황산기 함량은 1.65 (다대포 우뭇가사리) 가 $19.48\%$ (송도 돌가사리)로 종류에 따른 황산기 함량의 차이가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 홍조류에서 추출한 수용성 성분의 구성당은 3,6-anhydrogalactose (An-Gal), galactose (Gal), 6-methyl-galactose (6-Me-Gal), rhamnose (Rha), fucose, ribose (Rib), arabiose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), manose (Man) 그리고 glucose (Glu)였다. 그리고 구성당을 GC로 분석한 결과 함량이 가장 높은 당은 Gal였으며, 다음으로는 An-Gal, Glu, Xyl 순이었다.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 1987년도 식물생명공학 심포지움 논문집 Proceedings of Symposia on Plant Biotechnology
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• pp.133-148
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• 1987

Gibberellin(GA) 3-$\beta$ hydroxylation is very important for the shoot elogation in the higher plants, since only 3$\beta$-hydryoxylated GAs promote shoot elogation in several plants. Fluctuation of 3$\beta$-hydryoxylase activity was examined during seed maturation using two cultivars of , P. vulgaris, Kentucky Wonder (normal) and Masterpiece (dwarf). Very immature seeds of both cultivars contain high level of 3$\beta$-hydroxylase activity (per mg protein). Both cultivars showed maximum of enzyme activity (per seed) in the middle of their maturation process. Gibberellin 3$\beta$-hydroxylase catalyzing the hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1 was purified 313-fold from very early immature seeds of P. vulgaris. Crude soluble enzyme extracts were purified by 15% methanol precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatogrphy, DEAE ion exchange column chromatography and gel filtration HPLC. The 3$\beta$-hydroxylase activity was unstable and lost much of its activity duting the purification. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was extimated to be 42, 000 by gel filtration HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.7. The Km values for [2.3-3H] GA20 and [2.3-3H]GA9 were 0.29 $\mu$M and 0.33 $\mu$M, respectively. The enzyme requires 2-oxoglutarate as a cosubstrate; the Km value for 2-oxoglutarate was 250 $\mu$M using 3H GA20 as a substrate. Fe2+ and ascorbate significantly activated the enzyme at all purification steps, while catalase and BSA activated the purified enzyme only. The enzyme was inhibited by divalent cations Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. Effects of several GAs and GA anaogues on the putrified 3$\beta$-hydroxylase were examined using [3H]GA9 and GA20 as a substrates. Among them, GA5, GA9, GA15, GA20 and GA44 inhibited the enzyme activity. [13C, 3H] GA20 was converted by the partially purified enzyme preparation to [13C, 3H]GA1, GA5 and GA6, which were identified by GC-MS, GA9 was converted only GA4, GA15 and GA44 were converted to GA37 and GA38, respectively. GA5 was epoxidized to GA6 by the preparation. This suggests that 3$\beta$-hydroxylation of GA20 and epoxidation of GA5 are catalyzed by the same enzyme in P, vulgaris.