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A Data Aggregation Scheme based on Designated Path for Efficient Energy Management of Sensor Nodes in Geosensor Networks (지오센서 네트워크에서 센서 노드의 효율적인 에너지 관리를 위한 지정 경로 기반 데이터 집계 처리 기법)

  • Yoon, Min;Kim, Yong-Ki;Bista, Rabindra;Chang, Jae-Woo
    • Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.10-17
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    • 2010
  • Sensor nodes used in Geosensor network are resource limited and power constrained. So it is necessary to research on routing protocols to gather data by using energy efficiently. Wireless sensor networks collect data gathered from sensor nodes by transfering it to the sink using multihop. However, it has two problems. First, the existing works require unnecessary data transmission for choosing a proper parent node to transfer data. Secondly, they have a large number of data transmission because each sensor node has a different path. To solves the problems, we, in this paper, propose a designated path based data aggregation scheme for efficient energy management in WSNs. The proposed scheme can reduce unnecessary data transmission by pre-determining a set of paths and can enable all the sensor nodes to participate in gathering data by running them in round-robin fashion. We show from performance analysis that the proposed scheme is more energy efficient than the existing directed diffusion(DD) and the hierarchical data aggregation(HDA).

Experiment of Propagation for Development of the RTLS to the Consturction site (건설현장용 실시간위치결정시스템 구축을 위한 전파환경 실험)

  • Park, Jae-Sun;Lim, Sang-Boem;Pyeon, Mu-Wook;Hong, Tae-Min;Lee, Byoung-Kil
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.505-513
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    • 2009
  • Recently, researches on the construction information for construction of high-tech cities are under performed. RTLS(Real-Time location system) for gathering the dynamic location information of construction resources in construction sites, such as workers, materials and equipments, is one of the developments. Especially, construction resources can be managed efficiently with the dynamic location information and the improvement of safety and the reduction of cost are expected. To introduce the RTLS to the construction sites, the installation location of AP(Access Point) must be simulated using the 3-dimensional visibility analysis considering the propagation distance of AP. In this research, 3-dimensional signal simulation software based on the spatial data using surveying terrestrial LiDAR is developed. The simulated results are compared with the signal strength of field experiments for 4 test sites. As a result, the signal strength from the propagation model is most similar to that of field experiment at the front of the main building and the maul playground of Konkuk University. The visibilities in that sites are higher than other sites. among 4 test sites.

Aspects of the Decision Making Process in Village Planning with Participatory Approaches - A Review on the British Experience of the Village Appraisals - (마을개발계획의 주민참여형 의사결정방법 -영국의 마을평가사업을 중심으로-)

  • Hwang, Han-Cheol;Choi, Soo-Myung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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    • v.7 no.2 s.14
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    • pp.41-53
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    • 2001
  • A village appraisal is a study of the village, carried out by the people who live there as a basis for influencing its future. It is an exciting opportunity for a village to take a good look at itself, and it is a project in which everyone can be involved. It involves gathering factual information and the opinions of local people, so as to build up an overall picture of the village. An appraisal is a questionnaire survey carried out by and for the local community. It aims to identify local characteristics, problems, needs, threats, strengths and opportunities. It is a means of taking stock of the community and of creating a sound foundation of awareness and understanding on which to base future community action. Over the past 30 years more than 2,000 village appraisals have been undertaken in rural Britain. This research examined 48 village appraisals which had been carried out in England between 1985 and 1999. The suggested strengths and weaknesses of the village appraisals are: the target of the whole population in an area; the wide-ranging in its coverage of issues; well linked to a county-wide support agency; a good tool for identifying needs and wants, and local priorities; a good tool of local democracy and of increasing self-confidence in individuals and the whole community; not an exhaustive survey; very labour intensive; too little coverage of issues relating to the local economy; the lack of any input by professional planners and so forth.

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Quotations from the Linzheng zhinan yian in the Wenbing tiaobian: How were they transformed and corrected? ("온병조변"에서 "임증지남의안" 의 온병관련 의안을 변형하고 첨삭한 방법)

  • Kim Han-Sung;Lim Jin Seok;Lee Choong Yeol
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.865-871
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    • 2005
  • The Wenbing tiaobian(온병조변) is the first systematic disease monograph on warm factor disease(온병), written by Wu Jutong(오국통). It was most influenced by the Linzheng zhinan yian(임증지남의안), which was a book of gathering medical case records of Ye tianshi(엽천사). Therefore, there are plenty of quotations from this book in the Wenbing tiaobian. This study investigates the quotations from Linzheng zhinan yian, especially focusing on the way of transformation and correction of the original medical case records on the warm factor disease. The results are as follows: About 104 of 265 provisions in the Wenbing tiaobian were directly quoted from the Linzheng zhinan yian. The provisions quoted from Ye's case records were rearranged according to the categories of the triple burners pattern differentiation(삼초변증) and the causes of warm factor disease. And eve case record was transformed into more general descriptive form in order to put it into the book. For example, the specific figures, and some patients' peculiar symptoms, causes, sex and disease names were omitted. On the other hand, the tongue moss, pulse shape and some symptoms, which were necessary for differentiating patterns, were added. In the case of the formula, some formulas originated from Ye's case records were named newly. And the dose of each herb consisting a formula was determined, and therapeutic principle, taking method and detailed explanation was added to every formula.

Estimation of Nitrate Leaching Rates for a Small Rural Watershed Using a Distributed Watershed Model (분포형 유역모델을 이용한 농촌지역 소유역의 질산성 질소 지하침출량 평가)

  • Park, Min-Hye;Park, Sunhwa;Kim, Hyun-Koo;Hwang, Jong-Yeon;Kim, Tae-seung;Chung, Hyen Mi;Cho, Hong-Lae;Lee, Taehwan;Koo, Bhon K.;Park, Yun Hee
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.33 no.6
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    • pp.661-669
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    • 2017
  • A distributed watershed model CAMEL (Chemicals, Agricultural Management and Erosion Losses) was applied to a small rural watershed where intensive livestock farming sites are located to estimate nitrate leaching rates from soil to groundwater. The model was calibrated against the stream flows, and T-N and NO3N concentrations were observed at the watershed outlet for three rainfall events in 2014. The simulation results showed good agreement with the observed stream flows (R2=0.670.93), T-N concentrations (R2=0.400.58) and NO3N concentrations (R2=0.430.65). The estimated annual nitrate leaching rate of the watershed was 33.0 kg N/ha/yr. The contributing proportions of individual activities to the total nitrate leaching rate of the watershed were estimated for livestock farming, applications of chemical fertilizer, and manure. The simulation results showed that the highest contributor to the nitrate leaching rate of the watershed was chemical fertilizer applications. The simulation period was for one year only, however, and results may vary depending on different conditions. Gathering input data over a longer period of time and monitoring data for calibration is needed. When this has been accomplished, it is expected that this model can be applied to small rural watersheds for evaluating temporal and spatial variations of nitrogen transformations and transport processes.

Spatial Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates at Three River Weirs in The Namhan River (남한강 본류 3개 보의 저서성 대형무척추동물의 공간적 분포)

  • Kown, Yongju;Kim, Jin-Young;Kim, Piljae;Kim, Jungwoo;Kim, Jeong-KI;Kong, Dongsoo
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.36-47
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    • 2020
  • Three large scale weirs were constructed 2010 - 2011 in the Namhan river, Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates and the influence of environmental factors at the weirs 2014 - 2015. The number of species was higher in the riparian zone than in the transition or the limnetic zone. This seems to be because of the diversification of microhabitats and food sources according to the development of littoral zones. From the riparian zone to the limnetic zone, the individual abundance proportion of gathering collectors among functional feeding groups decreased, and that of filtering collectors increased. In the limnetic zone, sprawlers and climbers among habitat orientation groups decreased, and burrowers increased. This means that coarse particulate organic matter originated from land or riparian zone was transformed to fine particulate organic matter in the limnetic zone. Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) and chironomids were dominant species based on individual abundance. Asian clam, a major taxon considering biomass, was abundant toward the limnetic zone. This is becasue of the shallow depth, suitable water current, slightly coarse substrate, and good water quality. There was no significant relationship between the water quality and the characteristics of the benthic macroinvertebrate community because the water quality was spatially not heterogenous. The more influential factors for benthic community were physical factors, especially water depth. Water depth showed a markedly significant correlation with Shannon-Weaver's species diversity (r=-0.90), Margalef's species richness (r=-0.82), and McNaughton's dominance (r=0.86). Water depth showed a positive correlation (r=0.68) with the Kong and Kim BMSI (Bentic Macroinverebrates Streambed Index), and this may be related to the coarse substrate of the limnetic zone.

Spatial Analysis of Flood Rainfall Based on Kriging Technique in Nakdong River Basin (크리깅 기법을 이용한 낙동강 유역 홍수강우의 공간해석 연구)

  • Yoon, Kang-Hoon;Seo, Bong-Chul;Shin, Hyun-Suk
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.233-240
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    • 2004
  • Most of hydrological analyses in the field of water resources are launched by gathering and analyzing rainfall data. Several methods have been developed to estimate areal rainfall from point rainfall data and to fill missing or ungaged data. Thiessen and Reciprocal Distance Squared(RDS) methods whose parameters are only dependent on inter-station distance are classical work in hydrology, but these techniques do not provide a continuous representation of the hydrologic process involved. In this study, kriging technique was applied to rainfall analysis in Nakdong river basin in order to complement the defects of these classical methods and to reflect spatial characteristics of regional rainfall. After spatial correlation and semi-variogram analyses were performed to perceive regional rainfall property, kriging analysis was performed to interpolate rainfall data for each grid Thus, these procedures were enable to estimate average rainfall of subbasins. In addition, poor region of rainfall observation was analyzed by spatial interpolation error for each grid and mean error for each subbasin.

The Study of the Beach Change into Structures (인공 구조물에 의한 해빈변형 연구)

  • Kim, Hyo Seob;Jung, Byung Soon;Oh, Byung Cheol
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2004.05b
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    • pp.1445-1449
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    • 2004
  • Even though there can be a relative long-term or short-term change of their size in natural beaches due to various changes of sea condition such as the location, weather condition (wind and rain) and sea water flow, the budget of deposits in a specific area is generally regarded to be in a condition of equilibrium in terms of technology. However, as coasts are developed by many different kinds of ways (such as construction of sea walls and estuarine, dredging for gathering the aggregate and shore protection construction for establishing a structure) and sources of silt and gravel from rivers are decreased in balanced beaches, the beaches are in a serious danger of lack of sand and sand sources which are one of the maul elements to consist of them. Many swimming beaches in East Sea are directly exposed by waves generated and transmitted from outer seas. On the other hand, the Song-Do sandy beach which is this study's target area has a great condition for beach development because it locates the deepest place that is relatively shallow in Young-Il Man and there is big energy decrease given to waves from outer seas while the waves are reaching the Song-Do beach. Nevertheless, it is considered that artificial condition changes such as dredging for site extension by POSCO, getting straight of Hyoung-San Gang river flow and extension of Po-Hang harbor caused the sand loss of the beach. Therefore, some recovery plans of Song-Do sandy beach will be presented in this study and they will be compared and examined each other by numerical modeling experiment. After that, the best plan will be recommended.

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The Neurobiology of Anxiety (불안의 생물학적 근원)

  • Seok Jeong-Ho;Kim Se-Joo;Kim Chan-Hyung
    • Anxiety and mood
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.7-13
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    • 2005
  • Anxiety is one of the basic emotions which human experiences across different cultures in the world and it can be observed in mammals. Our understanding of the neurobiology of this emotion has made some advances, even though it has not been completed, with the development and advance in the investigation method including neuroimaging, neurochemical, and genetic approaches. In this article, the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of anxiety is reviewed. The amygdaloid complex has been known to playa key role in processing of anxiety or fear. It has extensive afferent and/or efferent connections with cortical and subcortical structures. The mesial temporal structures including hippocampus appear to be involved in acquisition of anxiety and related behaviors. The prefrontal cortical structures appear to play important roles in conscious awareness of anxiety and in modulating anxiety and related behavior. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is known to playa critical role in unconditioned fear response. The central noradrenergic system and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis are known to play important roles in modulating and expressing anxiety-related responses. Anxiety has been gathering attentions from many investigators and numerous preclinical and clinical investigations of anxiety and anxiety disorders have been done. In particular, neural plasticity in critical period and the psychobiological factors related to resilience to extreme stress and anxiety are important issues in this field.

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Applications of Smartphone Cameras in Agriculture, Environment, and Food: A review

  • Kwon, Ojun;Park, Tusan
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.330-338
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: The smartphone is actively being used in many research fields, primarily in medical and diagnostic applications. However, there are cases in which smartphone-based systems have been developed for agriculture, environment, and food applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research cases using smartphone cameras in agriculture, environment, and food. Methods: This review introduces seventeen research cases which used smartphone cameras in agriculture, food, water, and soil applications. These were classified as systems involving "smartphone-camera-alone" and "smartphone camera with optical accessories". Results: Detecting food-borne pathogens, analyzing the quality of foods, monitoring water quality and safety, gathering information regarding plant growth or damage, identifying weeds, and measuring soil loss after rain were presented for the smartphone-camera-alone system. Measuring food and water quality and safety, phenotyping seeds, and soil classifications were presented for the smartphone camera with optical accessories. Conclusions: Smartphone cameras were applied in various areas for several purposes. The use of smartphone cameras has advantages regarding high-resolution imaging, manual or auto exposure and focus control, ease of use, portability, image storage, and most importantly, programmability. The studies discussed were achieved by sensitivity improvements of CCDs (charge-coupled devices) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) on smartphone cameras and improved computing power of the smartphone, respectively. A smartphone camera-based system can be used with ease, low cost, in near-real-time, and on-site. This review article presents the applications and potential of the smartphone and the smartphone camera used for various purposes in agriculture, environment, and food.