• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effects of a gasoline vapor recovery system on personal exposure levels of gasoline vapor constituents including benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene(BTEX), and methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) among gas station workers in a metropolitan area. Methods: Thirty-one gas station workers at ten gas stations in a metropolitan area were selected as subjects for this study. Test method PV2028 as recommended in the OSHA process was used for sampling and analysis. Results: The personal exposure levels of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, MTBE and gasoline vapor in the gas station workers were $0.0018{\pm}0.0069ppm$, $0.0077{\pm}0.0137ppm$, $0.0002{\pm}0.0008ppm$, $0.0016{\pm}0.0084ppm$, $0.2619{\pm}0.3340ppm$, and $1.4940{\pm}1.7984ppm$, respectively. After adjustment for refueling frequency and volume, personal exposure levelswere higher in the gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems(Stage II) were not installed, but the results were not statistically significant. Gasoline vapor concentrations showed a positive correlation to the level of MTBE, a gasoline additive. Conclusions: Vapor recovery systems(Stage II) were effective not only in reducing emissions of air pollutants, but also in reducing exposure to hazardous substances among gas station workers. In addition, acorrelation between gasoline vapors and MTBE concentration was confirmed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

Purpose - This study conducts an empirical analysis on gasoline pricing of Korean retail gas stations focusing on spatial effects. Unlike previous studies, the study uses an official land price for a proxy of the importance of location, and also allows the spatial effects from other competing gas stations as well. Research design, data, and methodology - In collection of data, we obtain more abundant data than those of previous studies. The gasoline prices used in the study are 909,084 observations as daily data from January 1 to July 31 of the year 2016. A proxy for the land price is collected by linking official public land price data with address information on each gas station. For the estimation, the study employs the Panel Spatial Dubin Model to make the best use of the collected location information. Results - As expected, spatial properties of gas stations have significant effects on the gasoline price. As the price per square meter increases by 100 thousands won, the price of gasoline rises 9 won per liter. Among other characteristics, the price increases by 16 won per liter if the station has a convenience store, and about 5 won if it has a car wash service. Gasoline price in Singapore accounted for 26% of variations in domestic gasoline prices. SK Energy and GS Caltex are the top brands in terms of price. The study also finds prices and other important properties of competing gas stations have significant effects on others' prices. Prices of competing gas station have a positive relationship with those of others. If a competing gas station raises the price, the gas station also raises the price, and lowering the price lower the price. Among brands, GS Caltex has the greatest downward pressure on nearby gas stations. Conclusions - The study confirms that location value of gas stations affect their gasoline prices, and the prices of the competing gas stations also have a significant effects on their prices. It suggests that the prices in the competing retail areas tend to be synchronized with each other.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.54-60
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• 2009

The advancement of industry have increased domestic energy demands and energy facilities such as storage facility, compressed gas pipe, station, and tank lorry. Also, concern about environment have diversified energy source to clean energy such as LNG. In these major energy facilities, major accident can happen to result in fire, explosion, toxic release and etc. In addition, it may cause chain accidents to the adjacent energy facilities. In this research, safety assessment was performed through the consequence analysis of LPG liquefied petroleum gas) station, gasoline station and LNG(liquiefied natural gas) station. The obtained result will be helpful to make a safety guideline of the LPG/LNG station built adjacent to the gasoline station.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.13-18
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• 2010

To investigate electrostatic ignition hazards of commercial gasoline used in the gas station, experiments were conducted dealing with the minimum ignition energy(MIE) of several kinds of gasoline under the various temperature. The conductivity of gasoline that was required for an accurate risk assessment as well as the MIE were also examined. The solvent ignitability apparatus which can heat up the inside of the vessels up to $210^{\circ}C$ was used in this study. Four kinds of premium gasoline and four kinds of regular gasoline, differing with respect to the companies, were used as test specimens. The following results were obtained: (1) all gasoline specimens were so sensitive that even an electrostatic discharge with a very low energy, such as about 0.5mJ, could ignite them. The ignitability of premium gasoline was constant irrespective of the companies. On the other hand, the ignitability of regular gasoline was variable depending on the company. (2) The MIE of all specimens depended markedly on the temperature; in other words, an increase in temperature decreases the ignition energy value. (3) The conductivity values of all specimens were low. Those must be taken into consideration in electrostatic risk assessment.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.351-364
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• 2023

Purpose - This study examines the effects of Dubai oil price and the volatility on the asymmetry of domestic gasoline price adjustment. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of "Altteul" gas-station and tax-cut policies on asymmetry. Design/methodology/approach - Firstly, the study calculates proxies for asymmetry and volatility of each window(every 3-month) by error-correction model and GARCH(1, 1) using daily domestic gas price and Dubai oil price from 2008/04/15 to 2022/12/31. Secondly, the study investigates the effects of the increasing rate of Dubai oil price, volatility, "Altteul" gas-station and tax-cut policies on asymmetry. The autoregressive distributed lag regression model is employed for estimations. Findings - The study finds that changes in the increasing rate of Dubai oil price and both types of volatility of Dubai oil price increase asymmetry. While "Altteul" gas-station and tax-cut policies decrease asymmetry. Additionally, the study fails to find that asymmetry in the Korean gasoline market in the estimation with total observations. Research implications or Originality - An increase in Dubai oil price volatility means an increase in cost uncertainty for gas-station owners. Since cost uncertainty is a kind of financial risk, the increase in volatility reinforces the asymmetry. The study provides supporting evidence for the idea.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.755-775
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• 2022

This study empirically analyzes that the asymmetry of domestic gasoline price adjustment to the crude oil price changes can vary depending on the level of gasoline price using quantile autoregressive distributed lag model. The data used are the weekly average Dubai price, domestic gasoline price at refiners and gas stations from the first week of May 2008 to the second week of October 2022. The study estimates three price transmission channels: changes in gas station gasoline prices in response to changes in Dubai oil prices, changes in refiners gasoline prices in response to changes in Dubai oil prices, and changes in gas station prices relative to refiners gasoline prices. As a result, the price adjustment of refiner's gasoline price with respect to Dubai oil price appears asymmetrically across all quantiles of gasoline price, whereas the adjustment of gas station prices for Dubai oil price and refiner's gasoline price tend to be more asymmetric as the quantile of gasoline price increases. Such a result is presumed to be due to changes in the inventory cost of gas stations. When the burden of inventory cost is high, gas stations have an incentive to more actively pass the increased buying price on their selling price.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the excretion aspect of urinary t, t-MA and hippuric acid by measuring concentrations of urinary metabolites according to the use of gasoline vapor recovery system. Materials:In order to analyze urinary metabolites, samples from the 23 gas station workers ten gas stations in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Province area were collected once daily after work. In addition, a survey was conducted on work factors and lifestyle habits as factors affecting the concentration of urinary metabolites. Results: The average concentrations of t, t-MA and hippuric acid after work were $0.124{\pm}0.177mg/g$ creatinine and $0.557{\pm}0.251g/g$ creatinine among workers at gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems were installed. The average concentrations of t, t-MA and hippuric acid were $0.160{\pm}0.113mg/g$ creatinine and $0.682{\pm}0.619g/g$ creatinine among workes at gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems were not installed. Average concentrations were higher at gas stations where a gasoline vapor recovery system was not installed, but the differences were not statistically significant differences. Urinary t, t-MA and hippuric acid average concentrations of smokers and non-smokers were higher in the gas stations where gasoline a vapor recovery system was not installed. T, t-MA as a factor evaluation affecting the concentration of urinary metabolites was not statistically significant in all factors, while hippuric acid was statistically significant only for age(p=0.024). Conclusions: The average concentrations of urinary t, t-MA and hippuric acid were higher in gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems were not installed compared to gas stations where such a system was installed. There needs to be an assessment of biological monitoring according to refueling activity considering skin absorption of benzene and toluene and presence of gasoline vapor recovery system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Recently the government declared an all-out war on bogus fuel in order to crack down on tax evasion and ensure fuel safety. The move came after four people were killed in explosion at the two gas station. Illegally processed gasoline is the only one of low grade fuels. The problems are induced by relatively high vapor pressure of bogus fuel.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2021

The 'public agency oil joint purchase system' was introduced to lower public sector oil prices and contribute to the stability of the overall consumer oil market. The present study used spatial regression to analyze the factors affecting domestic gasoline price, focusing on the impact of potential implicit collusion among gas stations in determining domestic gasoline prices. Also, this study investigated the effect the location characteristics of the market convention gas stations and government offices on the pressure of price competition in the market and the gasoline price at general gas stations. To summarize the results of the spatial lag model (SLM), the individual characteristics of gas stations such as convenience stores (+), self-fuelling (-), commercial areas (+), subway stations (+), population density (-), and sales (-) are correlated to gasoline prices at gas stations, and the institutional location factors of gas stations (+) affected the average of 9 won per liter, 11 won per liter. In order to solve these problems, the establishment of a monitoring system reflecting the location characteristics of the region and the ongoing review of the system should be carried out. In addition, separate, expanded and promotional measures should be prepared for the convenience of general and public oil buyers.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.525-556
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• 2002

This paper investigates effect of gasoline price liberalization on price elasticity of gasoline demand. By using a model where a consumer optimizes her gasoline consumption and number of visits to gas station, we derive price elasticity of gasoline demand and its response to variation of size and frequency in price changes. It shows that price elasticity is decreased with increase in the size and frequency when the price rises. Since price liberalization increases the frequency but reduces the size, the effect of the liberalization on the price elasticity may not be determined. However, price liberalization can make the elasticity higher when the size reduction effect exceeds the frequency increase effect, which is consistent with empirical evidence provided by existing studies.