• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.383-394
• /
• 1979

Treatment of valvular heart disease with valve replacement has been one of the most popular procedures in cardiac surgery recently. Although, first effort was directed toward the prosthetic valve, it soon became popular that bioprosthesis, the valvular xenograft, was prefered in the majority cases. Valvular xenograft has some superiority to the artificial prosthetic valve in some points of thromboembolism and hemolytic anemia, and it also has some inferiority of durability, immunologic reaction and resistance to Infection. Tremendous efforts were made to cover the inferiority with several methods of collection, preservation, and valve mounting of the porcine valve or pericardium of the calf, and also with surgical technique of the valvular xenograft replacement. Auther has collected 320 porcine aortic valves immediately after slaughter, and aortic cusps were coapted with cotton balls in the Valsalva sinuses to protect valve deformity after immersion in the Hanks' solution, and oxidation, cross-linking and reduction procedures were completed after the proposal of Carpentier in 1972. Well preserved aortic valves were suture mounted in the hand-made tissue valve frame of 19, 21, and 23 mm J.d., and also in the prosthetic vascular segment of 19 mm Ld. with 4-0 nylon sutures after careful trimming of the aortic valves. Completed valves were evaluated with bacteriologic culture, pressure tolerance test with tolerane gauge, valve durability test in the saline glycerine mixed solution with tolerance test machine in the speed of 300 rpm, and again with pathologic changes to obtain following results: 1. Bacteriologic culture of the valve tissue in five different preservation method for two weeks revealed excellent and satisfactory result in view of sterilization including 0.65% glutaraldehyde preservation group for one week bacteriologic culture except one tissue with Citobacter freundii in 75% ethanol preserved group. 2. Pressure tolerance test was done with an apparatus composed of V-connected manometer and pressure applicator. Tolerable limit of pressure was recorded when central leaking jet of saline was observed. Average pressure tolerated in each group was 168 mmHg in glutaraldehyde, 128 mmHg in formaldehyde, 92 mmHg in Dakin's solution, 48 mmHg in ethylene oxide gas, and 26 mmHg in ethanol preserved group in relation to the control group of Ringer's 90 mmHg respectively. 3. Prolonged durability test was performed in the group of frame mounted xenograft tissue valve with 300 up-and-down motion tolerance test machine/min. There were no specific valve deformity or wearing in both 19, 21, and 23 mm valves at the end of 3 months (actually 15 months), and another 3 months durability test revealed minimal valve leakage during pressure tolerance test due to contraction deformity of the non-coronary cusp at the end of 6 months (actually 30 months) in the largest 23 mm group. 4. Histopathologic observation was focussed in three view points, endothelial cell lining, collagen and elastic fiber destructions in each preservation methods and long durable valvular tolerance test group. Endothel ial cell lining and collagen fiber were well preserved in the glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde treated group with minimal destruction of elastic fiber. In long durable tolerance test group revealed complete destruction of the endothelial cell lining with minimal destruction of the collagen and elastic fiber in 3 month and 6 month group in relation to the time and severity. In conclusion, porcine xenograft treated after the proposal of Carpentier in 1972 and preserved in the glutaraldehyde solution was the best method of collection, preservation and valve mounting. Pressure tolerance and valve motion tolerance test, also, revealed most satisfactory results in the glutaraldehyde preserved group.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제37권8호
• /
• pp.1059-1067
• /
• 2013

자동차 연료탱크는 크게 본체와 본체에 조립되는 부품들로 구성되어 있다. 본체에는 차량 주행시에 연료탱크에서 발생되는 증발가스를 배출하고, 연료가 외부로 유출되는 것을 방지하기 위한 여러 밸브들이 조립되어 있다. 하지만 이러한 밸브들은 연료 넘침에 주된 원인으로 알려져 있음에도 불구하고 현재 증발가스의 배출과 기구적인 위치만 고려하여 설계되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 밸브들의 기존기능을 유지하면서 연료 넘침을 최소화 시키기 위해 근사최적설계를 적용하였고, 다구치 방법을 통해 실제 실험에서 근사최적설계의 유용성을 보였다. 결과적으로 최적화된 밸브 위치를 통해 개발기간과 비용을 절감하였고, 연료 넘침 최소화를 통해 자동차의 신뢰성을 향상시켰다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.507-514
• /
• 2003

Recently dry decontamination/surface-cleaning technology using plasma etching has been focused in the nuclear industry. In this study, the applicability of this new dry processing technique are experimentally investigated by examining the etching reaction of $UO_2$, Co, and Mo in r.f. plasma with the etchant gas of $CF_4/O_2$ mixture. $UO_2$ is chosen as a representing material for uranium and TRU (TRans-Uranic) compounds while metallic Co and Mo are selected because they are the principal contaminants in the used metallic nuclear components such as valves and pipes made of stainless steel or inconel. Results show that in all cases maximum etching rate is achieved when the mole fraction of $UO_2\;in\;CF_4/O_2$ mixture gas is $20\%$, regardless of temperature and r.f. power. In case of $UO_2$, the highest etching reaction rate is greater than 1000 monolayers/min. at $370^{\circ}C$ under 150 W r.f. power which is equivalent to $0.4{\mu}m/min$. As for Co, etching reaction begins to take place significantly when the temperature exceeds $350^{\circ}C$. Maximum etching rate achieved at $380^{\circ}C\;is\;0.06{\mu}m/min$. Mo etching reaction takes place vigorously even at relatively low temperature and the reaction rate increases drastically with increasing temperature. Highest etching rate at $380^{\circ}C\;is\;1.9{\mu}m/min$. According to OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy) and AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy) analysis, primary reaction seems to be a fluorination reaction, but carbonyl compound formation reaction may assist the dominant reaction, especially in case of Co and Mo. Through this basic study, the feasibility and the applicability of plasma decontamination technique are demonstrated.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2007

본 논문은 에어컨시스템의 효율과 안정도에 영향을 주는 과열도와 저압을 제어하기 위한 다중 퍼지제어기 설계를 소개한다. 시스템 에어컨은 압축기 응축기 및 여러 대의 증발기와 확장 밸브로 구성되며, 냉매의 상태가 달라지면 시스템 전반적으로 그 영향이 파급되어 제어가 쉽지 않다. 이에 3대의 확장밸브와 1대의 압축기에서 동시에 과열도와 저압을 효과적으로 제어하는 다중 퍼지제어기를 설계한다. 제안된 퍼지 제어기는 연속형 간략추론 방식과 이산형 lookup_table 방식을 사용하고, 실수코딩 유전자 알고리즘(GAs)을 이용하여 최적의 퍼지제어기의 환산계수를 구한다. 그리고 기존 방식의 결과와 연속형 간략추론 방식 및 이산형 lookup_table 방식의 시뮬레이션 결과를 성능관점에서 상호 비교한다.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.7-11
• /
• 2008

본 논문은 LPG 차량의 주행거리에 따른 스템시일의 오일누설 특성에 대한 실험적 연구결과를 제공하고자 한다. 캠축의 속도와 오일의 온도가 증가하여도 40,000 km 이하의 주행거리를 갖는 스템시일에서는 엔진오일의 누설에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 주행거리가 50,000 km 이상 100,000 km 정도에서 사용한 스템시일의 경우는 스템시일의 밀봉성에 영향을 미쳐 누설이 급격하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 포핏밸브와 스템시일 사이의 미끄럼마찰 접촉면을 따라서 오일이 누설되기 때문에 발생한 것이다. 실험결과에 의하면, 현재 LP차량에서 사용하고 있는 스템시일은 주행거리가 $50,000{\sim}60,000\;km$ 정도에서 교환하는 것이 누유특성을 고려하면 바람직하다. 따라서 포핏밸브의 누유를 차단하기 위해 사용하고 있는 스템시일은 보다 향상된 내구성과 수명연장을 위해 재설계되어야 한다.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2020

해양플랜트용 HVAC(Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) 시스템의 컨덴싱 유닛(condensing unit)의 경우, DX(Direct Expansion) 코일보다는 온도 안정성이 뛰어난 칠러 시스템(chiller system)을 주로 사용하고 있다. 칠러시스템의 구성품 중 대형 냉매압축기와 전자식 팽창밸브 등은 대부분 수입되고 있다. 이에 칠러 시스템의 크기는 국내에서 제작되는 열교환기(증발기, 응축기)에 의해 좌우된다. 현재 갈수록 심화되고 있는 사용공간의 제한으로 인해 선주사 및 조선소에서는 장비 크기를 컴팩트하게 해줄 것을 메이커에 지속적으로 요구하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 해양플랜트에서 만액식(flooded) 칠러 시스템의 증발기로 주로 사용되고 있는 쉘-튜브형 열교환기를 컴팩트한 플레이트-쉘 열교환기로 대체하기 위한 주요개발과정을 소개하고, 이와 함께 개발된 플레이트-쉘 열교환기를 실제 증발기로 적용한 만액식 칠러 시스템을 제작하여 그 성능을 실험적으로 평가하였으며 그 결과를 제공하고자 한다.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2022

액체 로켓 엔진의 연소기, 터보펌프, 가스발생기, 밸브 등 주요 구성품 조립 부위에는 고압의 고온 가스와 극저온 유체의 기밀을 위해 스태틱 실이 사용된다. 스태틱 실은 조립 부위의 상대적 움직임이 없는 기밀 부위에 적용되는데, 극저온 및 고온 환경에서의 열팽창과 수축은 조립부에서 원치 않는 누설을 야기할 수 있기에 효과적인 스태틱 실 설계가 필수적이다. 조립성 개선을 위하여 비정렬 조립이 가능한 구면 플랜지가 체결부에 사용되는데, 구면 플랜지의 회전이 가능하도록 스태틱 실 역시 기능이 추가된 다. 본 연구에서는 스태틱 실 적용 주요 부위의 모사 플랜지 시험기를 제작하여 구조 해석과 함께 기밀시험을 수행하여 설계된 스태틱 실의 구조 건전성을 확인하였다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.84-88
• /
• 2009

The nickel-based alloy Nimonic 80A possesses strength, and corrosion, creep and oxidation resistance at high temperature. The exhaust valves of low speed diesel engines are usually operated at temperature levels of 400-$600^{\circ}C$ and high pressure to enhance thermal efficiency and exposed to the corrosion atmosphere by the exhaust gas. Also, the exhaust valve is subjected to repeated thermal and mechanical loads. So, the nickel-based alloy Nimonic 80A was used for the large exhaust valve spindle. It is composed a 540mm diameter head and a 125mm diameter stem. It is developed large products by hot closed-die forging. Manufacturing process analysis of the large exhaust valve spindle was simulated by closed die forging with hydraulic press and cooled in air after forging. The preform was heated to $1080^{\circ}C$ Numerical calculation was performed by DEFORM-2D, a commercial finite element code. Heat transfer can be coupled with the deformation analysis in a non-isothermal deformation analysis. Mechanical properties of the large exhaust valve spindle were evaluated by the variety of tests, including microstructure observation, tensile, as well as hardness and fatigue tests, were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties for head part of exhaust valve spindle.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.277-284
• /
• 2013

In this paper, the ventilating and heating system of T-103 trainer aircraft were investigated and redesigned to improve its poor performance. The ventilation system of the trainer was designed to increase the mass flow rate of fresh air by using air intake valves. The flow-in air through the air intake valve is supplied to the cabin by the ram effect of aircraft and the propeller. And the additional heating system was installed to improve the temperature of the cabin inside. The wasted heat from the exhaust gas of the engines was used as heat source of the additional heating system by installing an heat exchanger around the exhaust nozzle. The additional fresh air and the heated air enter the cabin via two ducts mounted under the instrument panel and behind the pedal in the cabin. The additional ventilating and heating system can be controlled by the first pilot and the secondary pilot individually using the control knob equipped separately. After mounting the additional ventilating and heating system, evaluations such as inspection of parts and component, ground run-up test, in-flight test, user test, etc. were conducted. The result of the tests was sufficient to meet the requirements of the manuals, and the pilots were satisfied with the additionally mounted systems.

• 산업공학
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.187-195
• /
• 2011

The automatic radiopharmaceutical module consists of several 2-way valves, couple of syringes, gas supply unit, heating(cooling) unit and sensors to control the chemical reagents as well as to help the chemical reaction. In order to control the actuators of radiopharmaceutical module, the process is tabulated using spread sheet as like excel. Unlike the common program, a trivial error is too critical to allowed in the process because the error can lead to leak the radioactive reagent and to cause the synthesis equipment failure during synthesizing. Hence, the synthesis process has been validated using graphic simulation while the operator checks the whole process visually and undergoes trial and error. The verification of the synthesis process takes a long time and has a difficulty in finding the error. This study presents a methodology to verify the process algebraically while the radiopharmaceutical module is converted to the network model. The proposed method is validated using actual synthesis process.