• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.238-259
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• 2021

감은사는 문무왕대에 시창하여 신문왕 2년(682)에 완공된 신라중대의 불교사원이다. 본 연구는, 기존의 감은사지 발굴조사 성과를 기초로 하고, 역사학 분야 등에서의 문헌연구 성과를 참고로 하여, 신라감은사건축의 조영계획 양상 및 특질, 그리고 그것과 당시의 정치·사회적, 종교적 환경 간의 관계에 대한 구명을 시도한 것이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 감은사 중심곽 내 당탑 및 회랑, 중문과 강당 등 모든 건축물은, 기단부를 기준하여, 방(方)216척(尺)(고구려척, 추정단 위치수 353.30mm)의 윤곽에 남거나 부족함 없이 정확하게 들어가는 것으로 확인된다. 이러한 사실은, '만파식적설화'와 유교예악사상과의 관계, '이견대'의 명칭과 『주역』과의 관계, '감은사지출토 태극무늬장대석'과 『주역』과의 관계 등으로부터 확인되는, 동해구 유적(대왕암·이견대·감은사)에 서린 신라중대왕실의 '유교정치이념의 표방' 의지에 비추어 볼 때 매우 유의미한 것으로 판단되며, 감은사가람의 설계초기단계에 있어서, 잠재하는 규모계획의 기준으로부터 이차적 조정으로서, 『주역』 계사상의 '건지책 216'으로부터 수를 취해 가람중심곽규모의 결정기준으로 삼은 결과로 추정된다. 감은사 당탑 등의 배치계획은, 방(方)216척(尺)의 윤곽 내, 가장자리로부터 중심부로, 즉 가람중축선상 중문·강당의 배치 및 금당 남북위치의 결정, (중문·강당·금당 측면에 각각) 남회랑·강당동서편건물·익랑 배치, 동서회랑의 배치, 동서 석탑 중심위치 결정의 순으로 진행되었을 것으로 추찰된다. (2) 감은사건축에 있어서의 유불공존적 양상은, 『금광명경(金光明經)』에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 한 것이며, 왕의 화신인 용이 용혈(龍穴)을 통해 금당기단 내에 들어 선요(旋繞) 즉, 공경·숭봉(崇奉)을 행함으로써 "음양조화시부월서(陰陽調和時不越序) 일월성숙부실상도(日月星宿不失常度) 풍우수시무제재횡(風雨隨時無諸災横)" 등의 무량공덕이 얻어지기를, 그리고 일월에 비유되는 부처의 광명이, 새로이 유교를 정치이념으로 삼아 운영해 나갈 국가, 신라의 사방 천하(천(天)=건(乾), 건지책 216척(尺) 규모의 가람중심곽)에 길이 두루 비춰지기를 염원한 문무왕의 뜻에서 비롯된 것으로 추찰된다. 그리고 그 구상 및 실현에 있어서는 유불습합적 사상 경향을 가졌던, 그리고 문무왕이 유언으로서 국사로 삼기를 당부했고 신문왕 즉위 후 국로로 임명되었던, 경흥(憬興)이 깊이 관여했을 것으로 추측된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제33권
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• pp.136-161
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• 2000

This paper is a study on the design of the gilt-bronze sarira caskets discovered in 1959 and 1996, from a east and a west three-story stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site which was built in 682. One of the most interesting discoveries is the ceiling with Bokdu(覆斗) design which can be seen in Dun-Huang grotto of China, reflected upon the ceiling structure of the cover (outer casket) and the square box (inner casket). The structure of these sarira caskets, as art crafts, directly represents architectural structure of Dun-Huang grotto that was made during the early T'ang period of China. Moreover, the sarira caskets are decorated with ornate designs and these designs also can be seen on the murals of Dun-Huang grotto. Accordingly, those sarira caskets tell us creative ability and international taste of Silla's craftsmen. By tracing the origin of structure and design pattern of the sarira caskets to Central Asian and Chinese architectures, it is able to understand international style of the sarira caskets of Gameunsa Temple site.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.325-337
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• 2007

The effect of seawater and air pollutants on the three-story stone pagodas on Gameunsa Temple Site have been studied in order to establish conservation basic plan. Also, an experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of seawater salt and air pollutants on the weathering of granite. The results could be summarized as follows. Because the three-story stone pagodas on Gameunsa Temple Site are located outdoors, the external appearance has been largely deteriorated due to natural and artificial factors such as typhoon, wind, microorganisms, moisture, extreme change in temperature, air pollutants, and seawater, etc. When G.J fresh granite was dipped into the seawater, dissolution rate of three minerals (Mg, Ca, and K) are increased linearly until about 40 days and then increased abruptly. After seawater dipping experiments, the mineral compositions of the granite surface were lower then that of the G.J fresh granite but Poisson's ratio and absorption ratio were slightly increased. Therefore, from these results we can say that stone cultural properties could be weathered by seawater and air pollutants and it's considered being a meaningful experiment to study the conservation method of stone cultural properties from seawater.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-152
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• 2007

The purpose of this article is making investigation of the principal composition of the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple through ornaments of a case preserving relics of Buddha in the east and west pagodas of Gameunsa temple. This research has an important meaning in clarifying that the concept of placement two Buddhas together with lotus sutra, which was only applied to Bulkuksa temple, has been extended to Gameunsa temple. And this observation gave us a clear explanation for the principal composition at the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple plans. The author obtained the following conclusion from this article : The cases preserving relics of the Buddha for the west and east pagodas are globally in similar form as the type of a royal palace. But the different points between eastern and western can be seen on the existence of Buddhist statues on the base floor, set-up of the gate at railings, and 4 lion statues at a coner of the base floor. In the western pagoda, there are Buddha statues above the base-floor of the cases preserving relics. These Buddha statues are composed of a boy monks and angels with playing music for the praise of the Sakyamuni Buddha lecturing the Lotus sutra at YoungChui Mountain. On the other hand, in the eastern pagoda, Buddha statues on the cases preserving relics are composed of a the Four Devas and monks as a defending God of the nation of Buddha. In the eastern pagoda, one can see something that does not exist in the western pagoda, which is a gate located in railing of a case preserving the relics. This gate described the scene of the Sakyamuni Buddha entering into the pagoda of 7 treasures. In a corner of the case preserving relics in the eastern pagoda, there is another thing which does not exist in the western pagoda. This is a sculpture of a lion which symbols the seat of Lion supporting the Buddha in the Dabotap(the pagoda of 7 treasures). When we observe the form and structure, the descriptions at the railings, the gate, the shrine, the statue of a lion, and the accessories in jewelries, at the cases preserving the relics in the eastern pagoda, one can realize that they have the same combination structures between the ones at Dabotaps in Bulguksa temple and those in China as well as in Japan, all of which represent the Gyun-Bo-Tap-Pum of Lotus Sutra. Among the distribution rules in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple, the application of the ideal of lotus was known to be effected only to Bulguksa temple. But from the result of the present article, it is more clearly proved by applying the Gameunsa temple that the distribution theory in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple was in fact based on the ideal of lotus.

• 고문화
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• 19호
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• pp.28-44
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• 1981

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.7-21
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• 2008

Three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site, one of the early staged stone pagodas, has been known as a standard of Silla stone pagodas. A stone pagoda is not only a stone art work and but also a stone architecture. In understanding the stone pagoda it is very important to be approached with technological side in which we can investigate the stone pagoda deeply and as well as to have been approached with art historical view. Also it needs that we should see the stone pagoda in view of structural safety. We can get many high technique from our ancestors who made Gameunsajiseoktap. 1. To reduce any deformation such as relaxation and sinking of members which is caused by a heavy load the members such as the lower tier of the base is made up of the foundation stone and side stone in each, comprising one stone. 2. A special construction method for connection between wall stone and column stone in stereobates was invented. It is to make column stone projected partially and wall stone be caved in that two members should be jointed well. This unique method is not used any longer after the three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple Site. 3. In each side upper and lower member are not engaged as the size of roof stones and support stones of roof stones are different. It can be done for a distribution of perpendicular load and a prevention for relaxation of members. 4. It makes sure that to make upper ends of support stones 10mm lower was to be avoid upper loads to it judging from survey in disassemblying east pagoda. It proves that ancestors who made this stone pagoda had a technique to understand the structural matters to make small members as big as possible, not to engage in joint, to avoid in ends of members from upper load.

• 암석학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2008

국보 제 112호로 지정되어 있는 감은사지 삼층석탑(서탑)은 표면 풍화로 인한 훼손 상태가 심각하여 빠른 시간 내에 보수되어야 한다. 표면균열에 대한 부분적인 관찰 결과 2층 탑신면에는 수직균열이 발달한다. 이는 상하로 작용하는 강한 주 압축력에 평행하게 발달한 균열이 더욱 더 성장한 것이라고 판단된다. 균열 성장의 원인에는 이미 존재하던 수직균열을 이용한 화학적 풍화작용 및 생물학적 풍화작용이 가세했을 가능성이 높다. 3층 옥개석의 경우 표면균열은 북동방향과 북서방향으로 교차하는 향상으로 발달하고 있다. 3층 옥개석의 동쪽과 남쪽에서 많은 수의 균열이 관찰되며, 중심축에서 바깥쪽으로 잇는 수직균열과 바깥쪽의 수평균열들이 발달하고 있다. 한편, 3층 옥개석의 서쪽과 북쪽은 균열이 많이는 관찰되지 않으며, 대부분 수평균열이 발달하고 있다. 이는 중심축에서의 압축력이 모든 방향으로 동일하지 않으며, 무게 중심이 동쪽과 남쪽 방향으로 기울어져 이 방향으로 강한 압축력이 제공되는 것으로 판단된다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제13권
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• pp.59-69
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• 2012

국립중앙박물관이 소장하고 있는 보물 제1359호 감은사지 동삼층석탑 사리장엄구 중 금동전각형사리기의 귀꽃이 2010년 11월에 분리된 것을 계기로, 금동사리기외함을 포함하여 2점의 재보존처리를 2011년 3월부터 10월까지 수행하였다. 보존처리는 과도한 광택과 기포를 가진 코팅부위를 제거하고 인크랄락(Incralac)으로 재코팅 하는 과정과, 균열 부위와 분리된 귀꽃을 재접합 후 직조 유리 섬유로 보강하는 순서로 진행하였다. 코팅과 접착제 부위가 가진 광택과 기포를 제거할 수 없는 부위는 소광(消光) 처리와 채색을 통해 광택과 기포가 눈에 적게 띄도록 하였다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.35-54
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• 2010

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2003년도 제18회 발표논문집
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• pp.67-68
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• 2003