• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.446-453
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• 2012

This study estimated how much carbon can be sequestered if we plant trees in non-forested areas in the 36 hole Oak Valley Golf Courses in Gangwon Province, Korea. We identified plantable areas where planting trees will not affect golf game using high resolution aerial photography and ground survey and estimated the annual carbon sequestration rate of the planted trees using biomass equations. Of the golf courses, 30.3% were covered by forest. Other major land cover types include lawn, waterbody, baresoil, buildings, and roads. The plantable areas consist of $106,101m^2$ of lawn (6.0% of the study site) and $177,531m^2$ of low density forest (10.1% of the study site). We assumed to plant Mongolian oaks with 10 cm in diameter at brest height with the density of $0.3/m^2$ in the lawn and $0.2/m^2$ in the low density forest. The planting simulation shows that the total number of the newly planted trees were 67,336, and the total carbon sequestered during the subsequent year was 392.9 tC/yr, which offset 12.5% of the total carbon emitted from the golf courses. The annual carbon sequestration rate gradually increases and reaches its maximum level at 440.5 tC/yr in 15 years since the initial reforestation (14.0% of the carbon emission from the golf courses).

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-143
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• 2011

At what point in the process of speech production are gestures involved? According to the Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis, gestures are involved in the lexicalization in the formulating stage. According to the Information Packaging Hypothesis, gestures are involved in the conceptual planning of massages in the conceptualizing stage. We investigated these hypotheses, using the game situation in a TV program that induced the players to involve in both lexicalization and conceptualization simultaneously. The transcription of the verbal utterances was augmented with all arm and hand gestures produced by the players. Coverbal gestures were classified into two types of gestures: lexical gestures and motor gestures. As a result, concrete words elicited lexical gestures significantly more frequently than abstract words, and abstract words elicited motor gestures significantly more frequently than concrete words. The difficulty of conceptualization in concrete words was significantly correlated with the amount of lexical gestures. However, the amount of words and the word frequency were not correlated with the amount of both gestures. This result supports the Information Packaging Hypothesis. Most of all, the importance of motor gestures was inferred from the result that abstract words elicited motor gestures more frequently rather than concrete words. Motor gestures, which have been considered as unrelated to verbal production, were excluded from analysis in many gestural studies. This study revealed motor gestures seemed to be connected to the abstract conceptualization.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.200-208
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• 2017

Despite a rapid market growth in VR, cyber sickness has become the most serious problem in terms of user experience. The aim of this study is to verify whether there are differences in user's perception of cyber sickness by the point-of-view and the movement in VR contents. An experimental testing of game playing with VR headset was conducted on the effects of two conditions: first-person and third-person views in the point-of-view condition, and yaw - pitch rotations in the head movement condition. The results showed that cyber sickness worsened in the first-person point-of-view and in the yaw rotation movement. Point-of-view and movement had main effects on the cyber sickness, but an interaction effect between point-of-view and movement was not found. Based on the findings, along with reducing VR sickness, we proposed practical implications for VR contents planning for building balanced VR user experience. Positive VR experience can be reinforced through visual design, multi-modal interface design, and experience marketing for the optimal level of contents immersion. A future research was suggested on the roll rotation for diverse content genre development.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.32-42
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• 2013

As the smartphone market grows, the needs for its new business model are also increased. However, most previous researches on smartphone applications focused on Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) and Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Theory so that there was lack of researches on characteristics for actual smartphone users. In this research, we divided the smartphone applications into five category functions (Call & Text/Music & Video/Information Search/Game/Social Network Service (SNS)). We analyzed characteristic differences of users who used the each application category and found that the differences were statistically significant in both demographic and smartphone usage characteristics (frequency of downloading applications, and download experience of paid applications). Additionally, the smartphone usage characteristic is closely related to the usage duration. The representative result is that the characteristics of people used Music & Video function actively were women in their 20s who downloaded applications more than three times per week, and had a download experience of paid applications. It is positive result for players in the application markets, because it means the users are willing to pay for downloading the paid applications. However, large companies already occupied most of the market share in music applications so that small and medium-sized players should develop an innovative and distinguishable business model in order to success. We believe this research result would provide significant implications for the players in planning the successful business model and developing an user-specific application product.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.475-482
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• 2007

Most golfers believe that knowing yardages will improve their score. Certainly it helps with club selection. But, simple "Graphic" yardage guides being notorious for error and inaccuracies, which a serious golfer will pick immediately, only serve to erode the players enjoyment and ultimately, golf course satisfaction. Someone believes with low-level aerial photographic images, golfer will be impressed with the accuracy of the depiction, helping them play a more confident game. But, there are no mapping products in true 3-D available in the world that allows a golfer to determine shot distances in yards or meters. So, we suggest an lenticular technology for real 3-D display as a viable alternative to conventional image map solution. This technology is an image display method for the generation of multi-image effects like 3D visualization or animation. This methodology is cutting edge stereoscopic image which overcomes the limitation of conventional photo tech by recomposing and producing 3 dimensional images. A significant strength of this methods its versatility concerning display effects. The main use of the hardcopy 3-D lenticular displays is in the fields of science, education, planning, and representation. This paper gives a concise overview of the lenticular foil technology and describes the production of the true 3-D yardage book of golf courses. For this study, 3-D effects are achieved and evaluated with the lenticular display by incorporation multiple synthetic images based on digital topographic terrain model and by using the two images of the actual stereopair.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2003

The shortest path problems(SPP) are critical issues in the military logistics such as the simulation of the War-Game. However, the existing SPP has two major drawbacks, one is its accuracy of solution and the other is for only one solution with focused on just link cost in the military transportation planning models. In addition, very few previous studies have been examined for the multi-shortest path problems without considering link capacity reflecting the military characteristics. In order to overcome these drawbacks, it is necessary to apply the multi-shortest paths algorithm reflecting un-expected military incidents. This study examines the multi-shortest paths in the real networks using Shier algorithm. The network contains both military link capacity and time-based cost. Also, the modes are defined as a platoon(group) rather than unit which is used in most of previous studies in the military logistics. To verify the algorithm applied in this study. the comparative analysis was performed with various sizes and routes of network which compares with Dijkstra algorithm. The major findings of this study are as follows ; 1) Regarding the unique characteristics of the military transportation plan, Shier algorithm, which is applied to this study, is more realistic than Dijkstra algorithm. Also, the time based concept is more applicable than the distance based model in the military logistics. 2) Based on the results from the various simulations of this study the capacity-constraint sections appeared in each scenarios. As a consequence, the alternatives are necessary such as measures for vulnerable area, improvement of vehicle(mode), and reflection of separated-marching column in the military manuals. Finally. the limits and future research directions are discussed : 1) It is very hard to compare the results found in this study. which is used in the real network and the previous studies which is used in arbitrary network. 2) In order to reflect the real military situations such as heavy tanks and heavy equipment vehicles. the other constraints such as the safety load of bridges and/or the height of tunnels should be considered for the future studies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.60-67
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• 2009

This paper describes a development of system that enables the user to simulate the rockfall and landslide from slopes using physical engine. Until now, it will not be able to accomplish the virtual experiment of three-dimensional interpretation about slope informations, stability evaluation, the rockfall and landslide simulation, etc., because of absence of three-dimensional simulation systems which relates with slopes. With like that reason, this paper developed a simulator which is identical or similar the rockfall and the landslide where the possibility which will occur or occurred from actuality is high very actual condition from virtual experiment. For a simulator development, this paper uses the physical engine which is mainly used from computer game and animation development etc., And it will be show the process where the rockfall and landslide occurs with simulator. This simulator which sees the process where the rockfall and the landslide occur from three-dimension computer graphics theory and the physical engine, is a system which is the possibility of showing actual feeling. Therefore, the result of this paper is applied in vehicle travelling guidance system and intelligence traffic systematic etc., because of creates visual service and three-dimensional application of the slope information database which is developed in existing, and will be able to forecast the upgrade of user benefit planning and a service.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.89-97
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of early childhood teachers for early childhood creativity programs using physical computing in an effort to provide future direction for program development. The findings were as follows: First, 43.8 percent of teachers answered they were neutral about the need for these programs, while 40.5 percent replied these programs were necessary. Second, 73.8 percent thought the utilization of physical computing tools would be useful. Third, the largest group thought that the programs should be provided for five-year-olds. Regarding the frequency of programs, once or twice a week were considered most appropriate. Concerning the length of each activity, 20 to 30 minutes was identified as ideal, and study subjects preferred small group activities. In regard to the most effective theme for these programs, tools for daily life were considered best. As for educational content to be included in program planning, scientific inquiry and experiment were viewed as best, followed by the design/ production/utilization of creative works, game and play, and producing and playing musical instruments. Evaluation by a creativity test was chosen as the most desirable evaluation method.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.56-69
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• 2022

Various advanced countries are accelerating the competition in the development of hypersonic weapons. North Korea is on the verge of building a new submarine equipped with a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). A series of new guided missiles tests have continued due to political competition between the U.S. and China. The Republic of Korea is planning to boost its military capabilities, which involves the development of nuclear-powered submarines, light aircraft carriers, and new guided missiles. The northeast Asian region continues to be tense amid military rivalry between the Republic of Korea, North Korea, the United States, China, Russia, and Japan. Accordingly, these countries' competition to develop weapons is also at the world's highest level. In this paper, we examine the functioning of a hypersonic weapons system conduct a technical analysis of its components. In addition, we analyze the direction of military development that the Korean military wants to pursue through the recently announced mid-term defense plan. We conclude by highlighting the technical limitations and implementation strategies to overcome the development of hypersonic weapons.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.39
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• pp.261-295
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• 2015

Cyber singer appeared in the late 1990s has disappeared briefly appeared. although a few attempts in the 2000s, it did not show significant successes. cyber singer was born thanks to the technical development of the IT industry and the emergence of an idol training system in the music industry. It was developed by Vocaloid 'Seeyou' starting from 'Adam'. cyber singer that differenatiated typical digital characters in a cartoon or game may be subject to idolize to the music as a medium. They also feature forming a plurality of fandom. therefore, such attempts and repeated failures, this could be considered a fashion, but it flew content creation and ongoing attempts to take advantage of the new media, such as Vocaloid can see that there are expectations for a true Cyber-born singer. Early-Cyber singer is made only resemble human appearance, but 'Sciart' and 'Seeyou' has been evolving to becoming more like the human capabilities. in this paper, stylized cyber singer had disappeared in the past in the process of developing the technology to evolve into own artificial life does not end in failure cases, gradually led to a change in public perceptions of the image look looking machine was an attempt in that sense. With the direction of the evolution of the mechanical function to obtain a human, fun and human exchanges and mutual feelings. And it is equipped with an artificial life form that evolved with it only in appearance and function. in order to support this logic, I refer to the study of the coevolution of man and machine at every Bruce Mazlish. And, I have analyzed the evolution of cyber singer Bruce research from the perspective of the development process since the late 1990s, the planning of the eight singers who have appeared and design of the cyber character and important voices to be evaluated as a singer (vocal). The machine has been evolving coevolution with humans. cyber singer ambivalent development targets are recognized, but strive to become the new artificial creatures of horror idea of human desire and death continues. therefore, the new Cyber-organisms are likely to be the same style as 'Seeyou'. because, cartoon forms and whirring voice may not be in the form of a signifier is the real human desires, but this is because the contemporary public's desire to be desired and the technical development of this type can be created at the point where the cross-signifier.