• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2019

Due to icing and snow, power transmission lines have asymmetric cross sections, and their motion becomes unstable. At this time, the vibration caused by the wind is called galloping. If galloping is continuous, short circuits or ground faults may occur. It is possible to prevent galloping by installing spacers between transmission lines. In this study, the transmission line is modeled as a mass-spring-damper system by using RecurDyn. To analyze the dynamic behavior of the transmission line, the damping coefficient is derived from the free vibration test of the transmission line and Rayleigh damping theory. The drag and lift coefficient for modeling the wind load are calculated from the flow analysis by using ANSYS Fluent. Galloping simulations according to spacer stiffness and interval are carried out. It is found that when the stiffness is 100 N/m and the interval around the support is dense, the galloping phenomenon is reduced the most.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 2014

Aerodynamic characteristics of crescent and D-shape bundled conductors were measured by high frequency force balance technique in the wind tunnel. The drag and lift coefficients of each sub-conductor and the whole bundled conductors were presented under various attack angles of wind. The galloping possibility of bundled conductors is discussed based on the Den Hartog criterion. The influence of icing thickness, initial ice accretion angle and sub-conductor on the aerodynamic properties were investigated. Based on the measured aerodynamic force coefficients, a computationally efficient finite element method is also implemented to analyze galloping of iced bundled conductors. The analysis results show that each sub-conductor of the bundled conductor has its own galloping feature due to the use of aerodynamic forces measured separately for every single sub-conductors.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.85-103
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• 2015

Aerodynamic forces of vortex-induced vibration and galloping are going to be coupled when their onset velocities are close to each other, which will induce the cross-wind amplitudes of the structures increased continuously with ever-increasing wind velocities. The main purpose of the present work is going to propose an empirical formula to predict the response amplitude of VIV-galloping interaction. Firstly, two typical mathematical models for the coupled oscillations, i.e., Tamura & Shimada model and Parkinson & Corless model are comparatively summarized. Then, the key parameter affecting response amplitude is determined through comparative numerical simulations with Tamura & Shimada model. For rectangular cylinders with the side ratio from 0.5 to 2.5, which are actually prone to develop the VIV and galloping induced interaction responses, an empirical amplitude prediction formula is proposed after regression analysis on comprehensively collected experimental data with the predetermined key parameter.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.22 no.A
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

A series of wind tunnel tests was conducted to investigate the existence of the galloping instability of inclined dry cables and also to Identify the influence of some parameters on it. These parameters are the structural damping and cable surface roughness, which may have significant impact on the vibration characteristics. The test results showed both the divergent type of galloping instability and the limited amplitude high wind speed vortex shedding excitation. Galloping instability was observed in only one case. Parametric study shows that the vortex shedding oscillation can be easily suppressed with an increase of structural damping. It was also shown that the instability criterion indicated by earlier research was too conservative compared to the results obtained from the present study.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.914-920
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• 2003

In this paper, we deal with two drift compensation algorithms of acceleration sensor for measuring the galloping on power transmission line. Firstly, the block diagram of galloping measurement system is given and a galloping model is presented. Secondly, two compensation algorithms, a simple compensation and a period compensation, are proposed. A simple compensation algorithm uses the drifts of velocity and distance at fixed periods, so it is useful for constant drift case. Next, a period compensation algorithm can compensate a periodic drift. This algorithm uses the previous measured data and compensated data for constant period, where the period is obtained by FFT method. Lastly, the effectiveness of proposed algorithms is verified by comparing between two algorithms in simulation, and its characteristics and the drift error bound are shown, respectively.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.499-509
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• 2020

The aeroelastic stability of a long-span suspension footbridge with a bluff deck (prototype section) was examined through static and dynamic wind tunnel tests using a 1:10 scale sectional model of the main girder, and the corresponding aerodynamic countermeasures were proposed in order to improve the stability. First, dynamic tests of the prototype sectional model in vertical and torsional motions were carried out at three attack angles (α = 3°, 0°, -3°). The results show that the galloping instability of the sectional model occurs at α = 3° and 0°, an observation that has never been made before. Then, the various aerodynamic countermeasures were examined through the dynamic model tests. It was found that the openings set on the vertical web of the prototype section (web-opening section) mitigate the galloping completely for all three attack angles. Finally, static tests of both the prototype and web-opening sectional models were performed to obtain the aerodynamic coefficients, which were further used to investigate the galloping mechanism by applying the Den Hartog criterion. The total damping of the prototype and web-opening models were obtained with consideration of the structural and aerodynamic damping. The total damping of the prototype model was negative for α = 0° to 7°, with the minimum value being -1.07%, suggesting the occurrence of galloping, while that of the web-opening model was positive for all investigated attack angles of α = -12° to 12°.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-321
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• 2008

When first commissioned, the 1.6 km span 275kV Severn Crossing Conductor experienced large amplitude vibrations in certain wind conditions, but without ice or rain, leading to flashover between the conductor phases. Wind tunnel tests undertaken at the time identified a major factor was the lift generated in the critical Reynolds number range in skew winds. Despite this insight, and although a practical solution was found by wrapping the cable to change the aerodynamic profile, there remained some uncertainty as to the detailed excitation mechanism. Recent work to address the problem of dry inclined cable galloping on cable-stayed bridges has led to a generalised quasi-steady galloping formulation, including effects of the 3D geometry and changes in the static force coefficients in the critical Reynolds number range. This generalised formulation has been applied to the case of the Severn Crossing Conductor, using data of the static drag and lift coefficients on a section of the stranded cable, from the original wind tunnel tests. Time history analysis has then been used to calculate the amplitudes of steady state vibrations for comparison with the full scale observations. Good agreement has been obtained between the analysis and the site observations, giving increased confidence in the applicability of the generalised galloping formulation and providing insight into the mechanism of galloping of yawed and stranded cables. Application to other cable geometries is also discussed.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.249-261
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• 2013

Flexible stay cables on cable-stayed bridges are three-dimensional. They sag and flex in the complex wind environment, which is a different situation to ideal rigid cylinders in two-dimensional wind flow. Aerodynamic interference and the response characteristics of wake galloping of full-scale parallel cables are potentially different due to three-dimensional flows around cables. This study presents a comprehensive wind tunnel investigation of wake galloping of parallel stay cables using three-dimensional aeroelastic cable models. The wind tunnel study focuses on the large spacing instability range, addressing the effects of cable separation, wind yaw angle, and wind angle of attack on wake galloping response. To investigate the effectiveness of vibration suppression measures, wind tunnel studies on the transversely connected cable systems for two types of connections (flexibility and rigidity) at two positions (mid-span and quarter-span) were also conducted. This experimental study provides useful insights for better understanding the characteristics of wake galloping that will help in establishing a guideline for the wind-resistant design of the cable system on cable-stayed bridges.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.253-273
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• 2016

Ice accretions on stay cables may result in the instable vibration of galloping, which would affect the safety of cable-stayed bridges. A large number of studies have investigated the galloping vibrations of transmission lines. However, the obtained aerodynamics in transmission lines cannot be directly applied to the stay cables on cable-stayed bridges. In this study, linear and nonlinear single degree-of-freedom models were introduced to obtain the critical galloping wind velocity of iced stay cables where the aerodynamic lift and drag coefficients were identified in the wind tunnel tests. Specifically, six ice shapes were discussed using section models with geometric scale 1:1. The results presented obvious sudden decrease regions of the aerodynamic lift coefficient for all six test models. Numerical analyses of iced stay cables associated to a medium-span cable-stayed bridge were carried out to evaluate the potential galloping instability. The obtained nonlinear critical wind velocity for a 243-meter-long stay cable is much lower than the design wind velocity. The calculated linear critical wind velocity is even lower. In addition, numerical analyses demonstrated that increasing structural damping could effectively mitigate the galloping vibrations of iced stay cables.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.155-170
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• 2019

This paper presents a novel test method for the galloping of iced conductor using wind generated by a moving vehicle which can produce relative wind field. The theoretical formula of transiting test is developed based on theoretical derivation and field test. The test devices of transiting test method for aerodynamic coefficient and galloping of an iced conductor are designed and assembled, respectively. The test method is then used to measure the aerodynamic coefficient and galloping of iced conductor which has been performed in the relevant literatures. Experimental results reveal that the theoretical formula of transiting test method for aerodynamic coefficient of iced conductor is accurate. Moreover, the driving wind speed measured by Pitot tube pressure sensors, as well as the lift and drag forces measured by dynamometer in the transiting test are stable and accurate. Vehicle vibration slightly influences the aerodynamic coefficients of the transiting test during driving in ideal conditions. Results of transiting test show that the tendencies of the aerodynamic coefficient curve are generally consistent with those of the wind tunnel tests in related studies. Meanwhile, the galloping is fairly consistent with that obtained through the wind tunnel test in the related literature. These studies validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the transiting test method. The present study on the transiting test method provides a novel testing method for research on the wind-resistance of iced conductor.