• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.37-37
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• 2014

Glomerella leaf spot pathogens can infect apple leaves, causing extensive necrosis and premature defoliation, as well as necrotic spots on fruit. In recent years, the disease has been reported with increasing frequency in China, and appears to be spreading rapidly in some apple-producing areas. In this study, fungal isolates from diseased apples leaves collected in Henan and Shaanxi provinces were analyzed based on morphology, cultural characters, pathogenicity and molecular phylogenetics. It was found that Glomerella leaf spot of apple was caused by two pathogens, Colletotrichum fructicola and C. aenigma. Pathogenicity tests showed that C. fructicola and C. aenigma could infect apple leaves of cultivar Golden Delicious, as well as Gala, Qinguan, Pink Lady, Pacific Rose, Golden Century and Honeycrisp, all of which include Golden Delicious in their parentage. In wound inoculation experiments, C. fructicola and C. aenigma were pathogenic to fruit of Gala, Qinguan, Golden Delicious, Pacific Rose, Starkrimson and Fuji. With non-wounded fruit, C. fructicola was pathogenic to Gala and Golden Delicious, and C. aenigma was pathogenic to Gala. It is concluded that the two pathogens could be differentiated according to pathogenicity to leaves and fruits of different apple cultivars.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.125-128
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• 1997

'Gala' 잎조직의 신초 재분화에 효과적인 cytokinin 종류와 농도는 BA 4.0 ㎎/L였고, auxin 종류와 농도는 IAA, IBA, 및 NAA 각각 0.1 ㎎/L였다. BA와 NAA를 농도별로 조합 처리하여 'Gala'의 잎, 절간 및 엽병의 신초 재분화 정도를 비교한 결과, 잎조직은 0.5 ㎎/L NAA + 6.0 ㎎/L BA와 0.5㎎/L NAA + 0.8 ㎎/L BA 처리구에서, 절간조직은 0.1 ㎎/L NAA + 0.8 ㎎/L BA와 1.0 ㎎/L NAA + 0.8 ㎎/L BA 처리구에서 신초 재분화율이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 엽병조직은 0.1 ㎎/L NAA + 4.0 ㎎/L BA 처리구에서 가장 높았다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.442-446
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to isolate and to identify a fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sp. KV-21 associated with apple anthracnose. Rotted Gala apples were used for the isolation of the fungus. The infected tissues were sterilized with 70% ethanol, washed with sterilized distilled water and were transferred to 50 ml containing potato broth (PDB) flasks. The peripheral hyphae of the fungal colony which developed from the infected tissues were isolated on to potato dextrose agar (PDA). On PDA plates the fungus grew well at $25^{\circ}C$ and occupied more than half of a 9 cm petri dish within 5 days. The fungal cultures on PDA were used for morphological observation and identification of the fungus. Conidiophores were produced on the gray to whitish sporodochial structures scattered on PDA plates which gave rise to conidiogenous cells. The structures of the conidia produced on PDA plates were subcylindrical to obovoid, fusoid, tapered and 4 to $6\;{\mu}m$ in size.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find optimum bacterial density for improving the efficiency of transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in apples. Regeneration(15％) and transformation frequency(10％) were increased in resuspension-culture density $A_{600}$ 1.3 from preculture density $A_{600}$ 0.7 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in ′Fuji′. In ′Gala′, 20% regeneration and 16% transformation frequency were observed at optimum bacterial density $A_{600}$ 0.7 form preculture density $A_{600}$ 1.3. ′Mclntosh as well as "Gala" were 25％regeneration and 10％ transformation frequency. Hence a frequency optimum condition of bacterial density for the efficient transformation of apple could be depend on apple genotypes.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.552-560
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• 2010

$GA_{4+7}$+BA는 유목의 측지 발생 및 과실비대를 목표로 사용되는 생장조절제로써 본 실험에서는 밀식 과수원의 '갈라' 사과품종을 공시하여 4년 동안 여러 가지 살포방법을 이용하여 과실비대 및 영양생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. $GA_{4+7}$+BA 처리시 과실 종경, 과중, L/D율은 증가되나 가용성 고형물 함량 및 산 함량, 엽면적, 엽록소함량 등은 변화가 일정하지 않았다. 과실 내 종자 수는 처리에 따른 차이가 없었으나 미발육 종자의 수가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 고농도 수관전체 살포는 신초생장을 증가시켰으나 착과 부위에만 살포시에는 영향이 없었다. 살포시기에 있어서는 과실 세포분열이 끝나는 시점인 5월말에서 6월초에 살포하는 것이 과실비대에 가장 효과적이었다. 그러나 고농도 $GA_{4+7}$+BA처리는 과실의 경도를 감소시켜 과실의 저장성을 떨어뜨리기 때문에 '갈라' 같은 소과종에 있어 고농도의 $GA_{4+7}$+BA 살포는 주의가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to examine the ability to predict soluble solid and firmness in intact apple based on the visible/near-infrared spectroscopic technique. Two cultivars of apples, Delicious and Gala, were handled, tested and analyzed. Reflectance spectra, Magness-Taylor (MT) Firmness, and soluble solids in apples were measured sequentially. Maximum and minimum diameters, height, and weight of apples were recorded before the MT firmness tests. Apple samples were divided in to a calibration set and a validation set. The method of partial least squares (PLS) analysis was used. a unique set of PLS loading vectors (factors) was development for soluble solid and firmness. The PLS model showed good relationship between predicted and measured soluble solids in intact apples in the wavelength range of 860∼1078 nm. However, the PLS analysis was not good enough to predict the apple firmness.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.747-758
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• 2016

우리 사과의 낙과 및 등외품의 식품으로써 이용가치를 높이고 사과장아찌의 품질개선을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 지역 농가에서 생산한 각기 다른 여섯 품종의 사과를 사용하여 사과 장아찌를 제조하였으며, 숙성 및 저장 기간에 따른 이화학적 품질특성과 관능평가를 통한 사과품종의 적합성을 조사하였다. 전체적인 사과장아찌의 초기 수분함량은 14.19~16.94%였으나 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 평균 25%정도 증가하여 유지되는 경향을 나타냈다. pH는 품종에 상관없이 3.98에서 4.55 범위에서 거의 일정하게 유지되었으며, 총산도는 0.8~1.3% 범위에서 숙성 10일째 까지 다소 감소하다 증가하여 유지되었다. 숙성 중 당도는 초기 60~68%였으나 숙성 5일째에 34~27%로 감소하였으며, 그 후 25~23%의 당도를 유지하였다. 염도는 초기에 0.94~1.64%였으나 저장 중 증가하여 15일 이후 사용한 사과 품종에 상관없이 3.5~3.8%로 비슷하였다. 관능적 특성은 홍로 품종을 사용한 사과장아찌의 경우 맛과 식감이 좋은 것으로 평가되었으며, 쓰가루 품종을 사용한 경우 색과 맛이 비교적 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. 갈라 품종의 경우 색, 향, 맛, 조직감 모두 비교적 좋은 평가를 받았으며, 특히 맛과 향이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 전체적인 기호도는 갈라 품종을 사용한 사과장아찌를 가장 선호하는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.256-265
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to examine the ability to predict soluble solid and firmness in intact apples based on the visible/near-infrared spectroscopic technique. Two cultivars of apples, Delicious and Gala, were handled, tested and analyzed separately. Reflectance spectra, Magness-Tayor (MT) firmness, and soluble solids in apples were measured sequentially. Maximum and minimum diameters, height, and weight of apples were recorded before the MT firmness tests. A spectrophotometer was used to collect reflectance spectra of intact apples over a wavelength range of 400 to 2, 498 nm. The W firmness tests were conducted using a standard 11.1mm (7/16 in.) MT probe mounted in an Instron universal testing machine. A digital refractormeter was used to measure soluble solid contents in the apples. Apple samples were divided into a calibration set and a prediction set. The calibration set was used during model development, and the prediction set was used to predict soluble solids and firmness from unknown spectra. The method of partial least square (PLS) analysis was used. An unique set of PLS loading vectors (factors) was developed for soluble solid content and firmness. The PLS model showed good correlations between predicted and measured soluble solids of intact apples in 860～1078 nm of the wavelengths. However, the PLS analysis was not good enough to predict the apple firmness.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.264-268
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• 2007

국내 육성 품종인 3년생 '홍로'와 도입 품종인 4년생 '갤럭시갈라' 사과를 대상으로 정아 고사 시 장과지 및 액아의 활용 가치를 알아보고자 결과지 길이 및 꽃눈 위치 따른 개화 및 과실 특성을 조사하였다. '홍로'와 '갤럭시갈라' 모두 개화시, 만개기 및 낙화기는 20 cm 이상 결과지에서 5 cm 미만과 $10{\sim}15cm$ 결과지보다 다소 늦었다. 화총당 꽃수도 때 정도 적었다. 과중, 종자수, 당산비 등 대부분의 과실 특성은 5 cm 미만과 $10{\sim}15cm$ 20 cm 이상 결과지보다 높았지만, 당도와 산 함량은 반대의 경향이었다. 20 cm 이상 결과지의 정아와 액아 간 대부분의 과실 특성은 액아에서 좋은 경향을 나타내었지만, '홍로' 사과의 종자수, '갤럭시갈라'의 Hunter a값을 제외하고는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 그리고 두 품종 모두 과중과 종자 간 높은 상관성을 나타내었다. 따라서 정아 고사 시 장과지로 대체 활용할 수 있고 '갤럭시갈라'의 경우 액화아의 이용도 가능하였다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2010

The effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and Rahnella aquatilis Ra39 against apple fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora were tested as a possible alternative to streptomycin. In vitro studies, no inhibition effect against the pathogen was found when ASM was tested. Under greenhouse conditions, application of R. aquatilis Ra39 with the highly susceptible M26 rootstock resulted in a marked disease suppression. Application of ASM and strain Ra39 caused a high decrease of the disease, 82% and 58% respectively; this was correlated with a reduction of the growth of the pathogen within host plants up to 64% and 49.5% respectively. Further studies in the field under artificial infection condition during full bloom revealed that application of ASM and R. aquatilis Ra39 with Gala variety resulted in a control effect up to 21 and 29% respectively. In physiological studies, enhanced activities of PR-proteins (chitinase and $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase) were detected, which are well known as biochemical markers for systemic acquired resistance. Application of ASM to apple shoots caused the highest chitinase activity followed by strain Ra39. The enzyme activity was increased after 2, 4 and 6 days from application. In addition, ASM-treatment caused the higher $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase activity than strain Ra39. Maximum enzyme activity was recorded after 6 days from application and then decreased after 8 and 10 days from application.