• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2008

Neural tissue has limited intrinsic capacity of repair after injury, and the identification of alternate sources of neural stem cells has broad clinical potential. We isolated mesechymal-like stem cells from human adipose tissues (AT-MSCs), and studied on transdifferentiation-promoting conditions in neural cells. Dopaminergic and cholinergic neuron induction of AT-MSCs was also studied. Neural differentiation was induced by adding bFGF, EGF, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA) in N2 Medium and N2 supplement. The immunoreactive cells for $\beta$-tubulin III, a neuron-specific marker, GFAP, an astrocyte marker, or Gal-C, an oligodendrocyte marker, were found. AT-MSCs treated with bFGF, SHH and FGF8 were differentiatied into dopaminergic neurons that were immunopositive for TH antibody. Differentiation of MSCs to cholinergic neurons was induced by combined treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh). AT-MSCs treated with DMSO and BHA rapidly assumed the morphology of multipolar neurons. Both immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of a number of neural markers including neuro D1, $\beta$-tubulin III, GFAP and nestinwas markedly elevated during this acute differentiation. While the stem cell markers such as SCF, C-kit, and Stat-3 were not expressed after preinduction medium culture, we confirmed the differentiation of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons by TH/$\beta$-tubulin III or ChAT/ $\beta$-tubulin III positive cells. Conclusively, AT-MSCs can be differentiated into dopaminergic and cholinergic neuronsand these findings suggest that AT-MSCs are alternative cell source of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 2018

The structure of glycan residues attached to glycoproteins can influence the biological activity, stability, and safety of pharmaceutical proteins delivered from transgenic pig milk. The production of therapeutic glycoprotein in transgenic livestock animals is limited, as the glycosylation of mammary gland cells and the production of glycoproteins with the desired homogeneous glycoform remain a challenge. The ${\beta}$-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminylatransferase1 (B3GNT1) gene is an important enzyme that attaches N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to galactose (Gal) residues for protein glycosylation; however, there is limited information about pig glycosyltransferases. Therefore, we cloned the pig B3GNT1 (pB3GNT1) and investigated its functional properties that could attach N-acetylglucosamine to galactose residue. Using several different primers, a partial pB3GNT1 mRNA sequence containing the full open reading frame (ORF) was isolated from liver tissue. The ORF of pB3GNT1 contained 1,248 nucleotides and encoded 415 amino acid residues. Organ-dependent expression of the pB3GNT1 gene was confirmed in various organs from adult and juvenile pigs. The pB3GNT1 mRNA expression level was high in the muscles of the heart and small intestine but was lower in the lungs. For functional characterization of pB3GNT1, we established a stable expression of the pB3GNT1 gene in the porcine kidney cell line (PK-15). As a result, it was suggested that the glycosylation pattern of pB3GNT1 expression in PK-15 cells did not affect the total sialic acid level but increased the poly N-acetyllactosamine level. The results of this study can be used to produce glycoproteins with improved properties and therapeutic potential for the generation of desired glycosylation using transgenic pigs as bioreactors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1972-1975
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• 2008

우리 인간이 수원으로 가장 많이 이용하는 지표수의 이동 및 저장 역할을 하는 호소는 자연환경과 인간을 이어주는 중요한 매개체임은 분명하다. 그러나 최근에 경제 성장만을 위주로 발전을 추구해온 결과, 급격한 산업화에 따른 도시지역으로의 인구 집중 현상은 호소에 자연적 혹은 인위적으로 큰 영향을 주고 있다. 하천의 자정능력을 초과하여 발생하는 오염물질이 신갈 저수지로 유입되어 생태계를 파괴하고, 하천의 최종 유입지인 호소의 오염을 가중시켰다. 경기도 용인시, 화성군, 오산시 지역의 농 공업용수의 공급원으로 이용되고 있는 신갈 저수지로 유입하는 하천 역시 도시로의 인구 집중으로 인한 막대한 생활하수와 주변 지역에 조성된 공장에서 발생하는 사업장 배수의 유입으로 인해 심각하게 오염되어 신갈 저수지의 오염을 가중시키고 있다. 현재 용인시에서는 기흥 호수공원을 2010년까지 신갈 저수지 일대 118만평에 여가와 문화, 휴양시설이 연계된 대규모 유원지로 조성한다는 계획을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 신갈 저수지의 퇴적물 오염도를 조사하여 호수공원 조성 시 기초 데이터의 확충 및 현황파악을 위하여 신갈 저수지의 퇴적물에 대한 모니터링을 실시하였다. 측정 시기는 1차(2007년 7월)와 2차(2007년 10월)로 총 2회 실시하였으며, 조사 지점선정은 수역 전체의 특성을 가장 대표할 수 있는 지점(호심 또는 가장 깊은 곳 등), 주요 유입하천수가 유입된 후 충분히 혼합되는 지점, 호수가 유출되는 지점, 폐수나 하수의 유입으로 항상 오염이 인정되는 지점을 고려하여 신갈저수지의 6지점을 선정하여 조사하였다. 퇴적물 분석항목 중 VS, COD, T-N, T-P, 중금속 농도를 중심으로 신갈 저수지의 퇴적물 오염도를 조사하였다. 각 지점별 1차 퇴적물 조사 결과, VS $23.1{\sim}46.6\;g/kg$, COD $8.5{\sim}26.4\;mg/g$, T-N $0.35{\sim}1.52\;mg/g$, T-P $0.60{\sim}1.05\;mg/g$ 등의 농도로 조사되었으며, 중금속은 수은, 시안, 카드뮴은 검출되지 않았고 구리의 농도는 $0.1{\sim}0.6\;mg/kg$, 납의 농도는 $2.1{\sim}3.5\;mg/kg$로 조사되었다. 또한 각 지점별 2차 퇴적물 조사 결과, VS $22.8{\sim}41.4\;g/kg$, COD $7.9{\sim}21.5\;mg/g$, T-N $0.31{\sim}1.44\;mg/g$, T-P $0.82{\sim}1.01\;mg/g$ 등의 농도로 조사되었으며, 중금속은 수은, 시안, 카드뮴은 검출되지 않았고 구리의 농도는 $0.2{\sim}0.7\;mg/kg$, 납의 농도는 $2.4{\sim}3.8\;mg/kg$로 조사되었다. 본 연구의 조사 결과는 앞으로 호수공원이 조성되는 신갈 저수지를 효율적으로 관리함에 있어 중요한 근거자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2005

Polyethylenimine (PEI) has been used as cationic polymers for efficient gene transfer without the need for endosomolytic agents. Various kinds of PEIs with different molecular weight were tested in order to investigate the effects of the molecular weight of PEI on the transfection efficiency and cell cytotoxicity. The ${\beta}-galactosidase$ expression $(pCMV-{\beta}-gal)$ plasmid was used as a model DNA. Complex formation between PEI and pDNA was assessed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis method. Particle size and zeta-potential of complexes were determined by electrophoretic light scattering spectrometer. In vitro transfection efficiency was assayed by measuring ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activity. Cell cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Particle sizes of the complexes became smaller on increasing molecular weights of PEI and N/P ratios. Surface potential of complexes was increased as the molecular weight of PEI increased. Transfection efficiency of $pCMV-{\beta}-ga1$ on the HEK 293 cells was greatest with PEI 25 K system but having the lowest cell viability. PEI with high molecular weight showed higher transfection efficiency and cell viability than PEI with low molecular weight.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2009

Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone produced from primarily cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney, is responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production. We have been investigating the roles of glycosylation site added in the biosynthesis and function of recombinant protein. We constructed three EPO mutants ($\Delta$69, $\Delta$105 and $\Delta$69,105), containing an additional oligosaccharide chains. EPOWT and EPO$\Delta$69 were effectively expressed in transient and stably transfected CHO-K1 cell lines. But, it wasn't detected any protein in the culture medium of EPO$\Delta$105 and EPO$\Delta$69,105 mutants. The growth and differentiation of EPO-dependent human leukemic cell line (F36E) were used to measure the cytokine dependency and in vitro bioactivity of rec-hEPO. MTT assay values were increased by survival of F36E cells at 24h. To analysis biological activity in vivo, two groups of ICR-mice (7 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously with 10 IU per mice of rec-hEPO molecules on days 0 and 2. Red blood cell and hematocrit values were measured on 6 days after the first injection. The hematocrit values were remarkably increased in all treatment groups. The pharmacokinetic analysis was also affected in the mice injected with rec-hEPO molecules 2.5 IU by tail intravenous. Protein samples were detected by Western blotting. An EPO$\Delta$69 protein migrated as a broad band with an average apparent molecular and detected slightly high band. Enzymatic N-deglycosylation resulted in narrow band and was the same molecular size. The biological activity of EPO$\Delta$69 was enhanced to compare with wt-hEPO. The half-life was longer than wt-hEPO. The results suggest that hyperglycosyalted recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO$\Delta$69) may have important biological and therapeutic good points.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.937-943
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• 1996

The biggest Problem of low-salted Jeot-gal is the reduction of its shelf-life. Chitosan, glucono $\delta-lactone, $ and sykeeper were added to extend the shelf-life of low-salted Myungran-jeot, and various chemical and microbiological analyses were carried out during fermentation at $10^{\circ}C.$ Sykeeper inhibited the increase in pH, and production of lactic acid, VBN, TMA, TBA, and the microbial growth, whereas enhanced the production of amino-N. But, chitosan and glucono $\delta-lactone$ had no significant difference from the control. The estimated shelf-life periods of low-salted Myngran-jeot fermented at $10^{\circ}C$ for control, chitosan, glucono $\delta-lactone, $ and sykeeper were about 14, 12, 16, and 19 days, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.559-565
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• 2011

The following noble series of statistical copolymers, poly[(2-(3-thienyl)ethanol n-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane)-co-3-hexylthiophene] (PURET-co-P3HT), were synthesized by the chemical dehydrogenation method using anhydrous $FeCl_3$. The structure and electro-optical properties of these copolymers were characterized using $^1H$-NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, elemental analysis, GPC, DSC, TGA, photoluminescence (PL), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The statistical copolymers, PURET-co-P3HT (1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3), were soluble in common organic solvents and easily spin coated onto indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells with an ITO/G-PEDOT/PURET-co-P3HT:PCBM:Ag nanowires/$TiO_x$/Al configuration were fabricated, and the photovoltaic cells using PURET-co-P3HT (1:2) showed the best photovoltaic performance compared with those using PURET-co-P3HT (1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:3). The optimal hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.58% ($V_{oc}$ = 0.82 V, $J_{sc}$ = 5.58, FF = 0.35) with PURET-co-P3HT (1:2) measured by using an AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW/$cm^2$) on an Oriel Xenon solar simulator (Oriel 300 W).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2013

Recently a novel bio refinery process with using nonedible biomass, especially microalgae, has been developed in order to directly reduce $CO_2$ concentration from flue gas and simultaneously produce renewable bio fuel. Micro algae-to-biofuel processes are composed of microalgae cultivation, harvesting, lipid extraction, and bio fuel conversion. So, there are concerns about the energy efficiencies of bio refinery processes. In this study, the net energy ratio of microalgae processes were calculated for the microalgae produced from a pilot photobioreacto using $CO_2$ released from coal combustion. In this study, trans-esterification and pyrolysis processes were used to analyze the net energy efficiencies. Micro algae-to-biofuel processes might produce bio fuels with the higher energy than that of the total consumed energy for cultivation, harvesting, extraction and conversion. If the lipid content of microalgae was higher, the trans-esterification conversion process was more effective than that of pyrolysis process.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2006

Objectives : Propolis and Hovenia dulcis Thunb. has been used as treatment of diseases in the Korean medicine. In this study, we investigated that the hepatoprotective effects of Propolis oral administration according to mixture with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. on ${\gamma}-GTP$, GOT, GPT, Total bilirubin, LDH, ALP, Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, SOD, activity of catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase in galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver in rats. Methods : The animals were divided into 5 groups. Control, the liver injury-induced and not treated group. Pro1, liver injury and administrated propolis. Pro2, liver injury and administrated propolis capsule. Pro3, liver injury and administrated mixture of propolis capsule with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Pro4, liver injury and administrated mixture of Propolis capsule with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. and Artemisia capillaris Thunb.. Animals were treated by Oral administration of Propolis, Hovenia dulcis Thunb., and Artemisia capillaris Thunb. mixture ltime 2 days for 14 days. Results : The Pro1 group was significantly increased on ${\gamma}-GTP$ and activity of Glutathione peroxidase but decreased on GOT in serum as compared with the control group. The Pro2 group was significantly increased on WBC, RBC, Hct, HGB in serum and activity of CuZnSOD as compared with the control group. The Pro 3 group was decreased on Total bilirubin, increased on LDH, WBC, RBC, Hct and HGB in serum as compared with the control group. The Pro 4 group was decreased on GOT in serum as compared with the control group. Conclusion : By evaluating the liver function and lipid metabolism, Pro3 had a hepatoprotective effect on the prevention of hepatotoxity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.202-206
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 정체성 수역인 신갈호를 대상으로 저층 퇴적물의 오염물질에 대한 조사를 실시 하였다. 신갈호 저층 퇴적물의 분석 결과, 함수율의 범위는 49.0~68.2%로 조사되었으며, 평균 함수율은 60.8%로 나타났다. 함수비의 경우에는 지점별 96.1~214.6%의 넓은 범위를 보였으며 평균 함수비는 165.8%로 조사되었다. 퇴적물의 pH는 모든 지점에서 산성을 띄었으며, 하류부로 갈수록 더욱 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 입도분석 결과, 토성은 SL(사양토) 및 SiL(실트질양토)로 나타났으며, 이러한 토성분포는 입자별 침강속도에 의한 것으로 퇴적물의 지점별 이 화학적 특성에 많은 영향을 줄 것으로 판단된다. 유기물 함량 분석결과, 강열감량의 경우 8.22~11.36%로 평균 10.22% 의 유기물 함량을 보였으며, COD는 24,92 mg/kg~27,38 mg/kg의 값으로 평균 26,16 mg/kg로 조사되었다. 영양물질 함량 분석결과, T-N의 경우 신갈호 저층 퇴적물 평균 2,916 mg/kg의 질소 함량을 보였으며, T-P의는 평균 710 mg/kg로 조사되었다. 영양물질 함량 분석결과 하류부로 갈수록 높아지는 경향을 보였으나 총질소의 경우 지점별 비슷한 값을 보인 반면, 총인은 지점별 큰 차이를 보였다. 퇴적물의 중금속 함량은 Cd, Cu, Zn, $Cr^{6+}$, Pb을 분석하였으며, Cd 0.10~0.12 mg/kg, Cu 18.33~20.67 mg/kg, Zn 82.73~110.15 mg/kg, $Cr^{6+}$ 0.78~0.93 mg/kg Pb 11.04~14.53 mg/kg의 범위를 보였으며, 지점별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구의 자료는 신갈호 유역의 개발계획 및 준설 검토에 대한 유용한 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.