• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2017

Monte Carlo 기법을 활용하여 60, 90, 120, 150 kV와 6, 15 MV X선에서의 선량증가 효과를 평가하였다. MCNPX code를 이용하여 ICRU slab 모의피폭체를 전산모사하였으며, 금, 가돌리늄, 산화철의 선량증가 물질을 사용하였다. 입사에너지의 전자평형 지점을 고려하여 모의피폭체의 표면 및 5 cm 깊이에 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/g 농도의 물질을 삽입하였으며, 선량증가 물질이 없을 때를 바탕으로 하여 깊이에 따른 흡수에너지 변화와 선량증가효과비를 통하여 정량적 평가를 시행하였다. 선량증가 물질의 농도가 높을수록, 금, 가돌리늄, 산화철 순으로 높은 선량증가 효과를 보였으며, kV X선에서는 입사에너지가 낮을수록, 물질의 원자 내 전리 퍼텐셜에 가까울수록 높은 선량증가 효과를 보였다. MV X선에서는 15 MV에 비해 6 MV에서 높은 선량증가 현상을 나타내었으며, kV X선에 비해서는 현저히 낮은 결과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

중간온도$(700\~800^{\circ}C)$형 고체산화물 연료전지(solid oxide filet cells)의 양극재료로 이용을 목표로 $Gd_{0.8}Ca_{0.2}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3,\;(x=0.0\~0.5)$ 분말을 합성하고 이의 열적 안정성, 전도특성을 조사하였다. 또한 이를 CGO(Cerium-Gadolinium Oxide) 전해질 디스크에 부착하여 양극특성을 조사하였다. 양극재료를 구연산 법에 의하여 $800^{\circ}C$에서 하소하여 분말을 합성하였을 때, Fe의 함량에 상관없이 모두 페롭스카이트 단일상을 얻을 수 있었다. 합성분말의 열적 안정성을 측정하였는데, Fe의 함량이 적을수록 열적 안정성이 열악하여 x=0.0인 시료는 $1300^{\circ}C$에서 분해되었다 그러나 Fe이 치환된 재료의 경우에는 $1400^{\circ}C$까지 분해현상은 없었으나 $1300^{\circ}C$ 근처에서 용응되는 현상이 관찰되어 양극층의 접착온도를 $1300^{\circ}C$ 이하로 설정해야 함을 알았다. $Gd_{0.8}Ca_{0.2}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3,\;(x=0.0\~0.5)$로 반쪽전지를 제작하여 $800^{\circ}C$ 공기중에서 전지를 가동하며 양극의 산소환원 반응에 대한 활성을 조사한 결과 조성에 상관없이 $La_{0.9}Sr_{0.1}MnO_3$보다 우수한 활성을 가졌고, $x=0.0\~0.5$인 전극중에서는 x=0.2일 때 가장 좋은 양극특성을 보였다. 이와 같이 x=0.2인 경우에 가장 우수한 활성을 갖는 이유를, Fe의 함량이 많은 경우는 열적 안정성이 우수하나산소환원 반응에 대한 활성은 감소하므로 x=0.2에서 열적 안정성과 활성 사이에 최적의 trade-off가 나타남으로 설명하였다. x=0.2인 시료의 전기 전도도를 직류 4단자법에 의하여 측정하였을 때 $800^{\circ}C$에서 51 S/cm의 값을 나타내었고, 교류 2단자법으로 측정한 이온 전도도는$800^{\circ}C$에서 $6.0\times10^{-4}S/cm$의 값을 나타내었다. 즉 이 물질은 혼합 전도체로서 전극의 전 표면이 반응의 활성점으로 작용할 가능성이 있고, 이로부터 이들이 $La_{0.9}Sr_{0.1}MnO_3$보다 우수한 양극활성을 갖는 이유를 설명할 수 있었다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.6-9
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• 2016

The enhancement of mechanical properties of coated conductor (CC) tapes in practical application are usually achieved by reinforcing through lamination or electroplating metal layers on either sides of the CC tape. Mechanical or electromechanical properties of the CC tapes have been largely affected by the lamination structure under various loading modes such as tension, bending or even cyclic. In this study, the influence of brass laminate volume fraction on electromechanical properties of RCE-DR processed Gadolinium-barium-copper-oxide (GdBCO) CC tapes was investigated. The samples used were composed of single-side and both-side laminate of brass layer to the Cu-stabilized CC tape and their $I_c$ behaviors were compared to those of the Cu-stabilized CC tape without external lamination. The stress/strain dependences of $I_c$ in laminated CC tapes under uniaxial tension were analyzed and the irreversible stress/strain limits were determined. As a result, the increase of brass laminate volume fraction initially increased the irreversible strain limit and became gradual. The corresponding irreversible stress limit, however, showed no difference even though the brass laminate volume fraction increased to 3.4. But the irreversible load limit linearly increased with the brass laminate volume fraction.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 디스플레이 광소자분야
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• pp.151-154
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• 2003

The synthesis and luminescent properties of trivalent europium activated gadolinium oxide red phosphors by sol-gel process have been investigated. Aqueous metal nitrate solution was mixed with EDTA which was chosen by the most suitable material of sol-gel formation as chelating agents. We noticed that the samples when are heated with EDTA at a temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ for lhrs, produced brownish and crisp powders due to condensation reaction on decomposition, dehydration and formation of sol-gel. Hence, when the powder pre-heated at about $100^{\circ}C$ was then heated at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 3hrs in atmosphere, the luminescence properties of resultant $Gd_{2}O_{3}:Eu^{3+}$ phosphor was measured by SEM, FT-IT and brightness intensity was shown 20% higher than those prepared by conventional method and by other chelating agent.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2008

Although hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction occurs during endotoxemia, the mechanism responsible for this remains unclear. Since Kupffer cells provide signals that regulate hepatic response in inflammation, this study was designed to investigate the role of Kupffer cells in the imbalance in the expression of vasoactive mediators. Endotoxemia was induced by intraperitoneal E. coli endotoxin (LPS, 1 mg/kg body weight). Kupffer cells were inactivated with gadolinium chloride ($GdCl_3$, 7.5 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) 2 days prior to LPS exposure. Liver samples were taken 6 h following LPS exposure for RT-PCR analysis of mRNA for genes of interest: endothelin (ET-1), its receptors $ET_A$ and $ET_B$, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heme oxygenase (HO-1), and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$). mRNA levels for iNOS and TNF-$\alpha$ were significantly increased 31.8-fold and 26.7-fold in LPS-treated animals, respectively. This increase was markedly attenuated by $GdCl_3$, HO-1 expression significantly increased in LPS-treated animals, with no significant difference between saline and $GdCl_3$ groups. ET-1 was increased by LPS. mRNA levels for $ET_A$ receptor showed no change, whereas $ET_B$ transcripts increased in LPS-treated animals. The increase in $ET_B$ transcripts was potentiated by $GdCl_3$. We conclude that activation of Kupffer cells plays an important role in the imbalanced hepatic vasoregulatory gene expression induced by endotoxin.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2017

Gadolinium tetraboride ($GdB_4$) was synthesized by reduction of $Gd_2O_3$ using boron carbide in presence of carbon. Effect of temperature on product quality was investigated. Pure $GdB_4$ powder was obtained in vacuum at $1500^{\circ}C$. Pressureless sintering experiments revealed that sintering takes place only above $1600^{\circ}C$. A maximum density of 77.1% of the theoretical value was obtained at $1800^{\circ}C$ by pressureless sintering. Hot pressing resulted in 95.5% of theoretical density at the lower temperature of $1700^{\circ}C$ under 35 MPa pressure. Hardness and fracture toughness of dense $GdB_4$ were measured and found to be 21.4 GPa and $2.3MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$, respectively. After exposure to air at $900^{\circ}C$, the formation of a porous and non-protective oxide layer was observed.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2003

Europium-doped gadolinium oxide ($Gd_2O_3;Eu^{3+}$) phosphors have been prepared by combustion method using urea[H$_2$NCONH$_2$] or carbohydrazide[H$_2$NNHCONHNH$_2$] as fuel materials in a preheated furnace at 500$^{\circ}C$. The phosphors obtained were fired at 1200$^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours to get better luminescent properties. The combustion method used was found to be a simple and fast method for the preparation of fine-sized particles. The influence of the fuel/oxidant (urea or carbohydrazide/nitrate) mole ratio on the phosphor has been investigated and the optimum values for various parameters have been determined. By this method, phosphor that has better brightness and smaller size particles than that obtained by conventional method has been prepared.d has been prepared.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2003년도 학술회의 논문집 정보 및 제어부문 B
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• pp.789-792
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• 2003

pMOSFET having 10 ${\mu}um$ thickness Gd layer has been tested to be used as a slow neutron sensor. The total thermal neutron cross section for the Gd is 47,000 barns and the cross section value drops rapidly with increasing neutron energy. When slow neutrons are incident to the Gd layer, the conversion electrons are emitted by the neutron absorption process. The conversion electrons generate electron-hole pairs in the $SiO_2$ layer of the pMOSFET. The holes are easily trapped in Oxide and act as positive charge centers in the $SiO_2$ layer. Due to the induced positive charges, the threshold turn-on voltage of the pMOSFET is changed. We have found that the voltage change is proportional to the accumulated slow neutron dose, therefore the pMOSFET having a Gd nuclear reaction layer can be used for a slow neutron dosimeter. The Gd-pMOSFET were tested at HANARO neutron beam port and $^{60}CO$ irradiation facility to investigate slow neutron response and gamma response respectively. Also the pMOSFET without Gd layer were tested at same conditions to compare the characteristics to the Gd-pMOSFET. From the result, we have concluded that the Gd-pMOSFET is very sensitive to the slow neutron and can be used as a slow neutron dosimeter. It can also be used in a mixed radiation field by subtracting the voltage change value of a pMOSFET without Gd from the value of the Gd-pMOSFET.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.241-251
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• 2019

There are several manufacturing techniques for developing thermionic cathodes for vacuum ultraviolet(VUV) ionizers. The triple alkaline earth metal emitters(Ca-Sr-Ba) are formulated as efficient and reliable thermo-electron sources with a great many different compositions for the ionizing devices. We prepare two basic suspensions with different compositions: calcium, strontium and barium. After evaluating the electron-emitting performance for europium, gadolinium, and yttrium-based cathodes mixed with these suspensions, we selected the yttrium for its better performance. Next, another transition metal indium and a lanthanide metal neodymium salt is introduced to two base emitters. These final composite metal emitters are coated on the tungsten filament and then activated to the oxide cathodes by an intentionally programmed calcination process under an ultra-high vacuum(${\sim}10^{-6}torr$). The performance of electron emission of the cathodes is characterized by their anode currents with respect to the addition of each element, In and Nd, and their concentration of cathodes. Compared to both the base cathodes, the electron emission performance of the cathodes containing indium and neodymium decreases. The anode current of the Nd cathode is more markedly degraded than that with In.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1708-1718
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the magnetic resonance (MR) characteristics and applicability of new, uniform, extremely small iron-based nanoparticles (ESIONs) with 3-4-nm iron cores using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Materials and Methods: Seven types of ESIONs were used in phantom and animal experiments with 1.5T, 3T, and 4.7T scanners. The MR characteristics of the ESIONs were evaluated via phantom experiments. With the ESIONs selected by the phantom experiments, animal experiments were performed on eight rabbits. In the animal experiments, the in vivo kinetics and enhancement effect of the ESIONs were evaluated using half-diluted and non-diluted ESIONs. The between-group differences were assessed using a linear mixed model. A commercially available gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) was used as a control. Results: All ESIONs showed a good T1 shortening effect and were applicable for MRA at 1.5T and 3T. The relaxivity ratio of the ESIONs increased with increasing magnetic field strength. In the animal experiments, the ESIONs showed peak signal intensity on the first-pass images and persistent vascular enhancement until 90 minutes. On the 1-week follow-up images, the ESIONs were nearly washed out from the vascular structures and organs. The peak signal intensity on the first-pass images showed no significant difference between the non-diluted ESIONs with 3-mm iron cores and GBCA (p = 1.000). On the 10-minutes post-contrast images, the non-diluted ESIONs showed a significantly higher signal intensity than did the GBCA (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In the phantom experiments, the ESIONs with 3-4-nm iron oxide cores showed a good T1 shortening effect at 1.5T and 3T. In the animal experiments, the ESIONs with 3-nm iron cores showed comparable enhancement on the first-pass images and superior enhancement effect on the delayed images compared to the commercially available GBCA at 3T.