• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.355-359
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• 1992

The $^{67}Ga$ has somewhat long physical and biological half livies with 78 hours and 600 hours respectively, so we can get $^{67}Ga-scan$ images for 3 or more days after once injection of $^{67}Ga$. Furthermore $^{67}Ga$ scan would be useful to search some residual tumors after surgical removal of the tumors trapped with $^{67}Ga$. However $^{67}Ga$ bound with plasma proteins would be delayed in plasma clearance as approximately 10% of the dose remains in the plasma at 24 hours. If the remained $^{67}Ga$ in the plasma is redistributed into the surgical wound, we wouldn't evaluate the degree of the tumor remained after surgery. So the authors examined the amounts of the remained blood $^{67}Ga$ and the redistribution of the blood $^{67}Ga$ into the artificial wound with S or more centimeters in the diameter at the neck and chest of the rabbits. The results were as follows; 1) The $^{67}Ga$ remained in the plasma were 12%, 5.7%, 4.2% at 24, 48 and 72 hours after $^{67}Ga$ injection respectively. 2) The blood $^{67}Ga$ were redistributed into the artificial wound with 5.9% at 48 hours and 6.9% at 72 hours after $^{67}Ga$ injection.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.114-119
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• 1998

We present a case of a young female patient with fulminant hepatitis who showed an altered biodistribution of Ga-67, after being scanned twice at 10 month intervals. On initial scan, uplake of Ga-67 was increased in the liver, kidneys, and skeletons. Increased hepatic Ga-67 uptake may be explained by increased transferrin unbound Ga-67 that was taken up by the inflamed liver. The saturation of iron-binding proteins due to multiple transfusions may lead to increased renal and skeletal Ga-67 uptake. On follow-up scan hepatic Ga-67 uptake was markedly increased. Also increased Ga-67 uptake in the axial skeleton and normalized renal uptake were shown. The findings were consistent with iron deficiency anemia. This case demonstrates altered Ga-67 biodistribution associated with multiple transfusions, fulminant hepatitis, and iron deficiency anemia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.558-564
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• 1993

Background: Gallium scans was used clinically for detection of inflammatory lesion, granulomatous process and neoplasm and inflammatory activity in interstitial disease. So we had perfomed $Ga^{67}$ scan to see the finding of $Ga^{67}$ scan in miliary tuberculosis and to correlate $Ga^{67}$ uptake with that of the chest PA and the clinical severity. Method: We examined 10 patients who were confirmed as having miliary tuberculosis, with $Ga^{67}$ scan, chest PA and arterial blood gas analysis. Results: 1) Diffuse, positive gallium uptake was seen in all cases of miliary tuberculosis. 2) In most of cases, gallium uptake was noted only at the lung field in spite of hematogenous spread of tuberculous foci. 3) The strong correlation between chest PA and $Ga^{67}$ scan finding was seen. 4) The intimate correlation between arterial hypoxemia and $Ga^{67}$ scan finding was also noted. Conclusion: Gallium scan showed diffuse pulmonary uptake in all cases of miliary tuberculosis and it may provid a useful information to assess the disease severity in miliary tuberculosis.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2003

The automatic system for $^{67}Ga$ production using for the diagnosis of malignant tumor has been developed. A solvent extraction and an ion exchange chromatography were used for the separation $^{67}Ga$ from the irradiated enriched $^{68}Zn$. This system consisted of a solvent separation unit which was composed of micro conductivity cells, air supply tubes, solvent transfer tubes, solenoid valves and glasses, a PLC based controller and a PMU user interface unit for automation. The radiation exposure to the workers and the production time can both be reduced by employing this system during the $^{67}Ga$ production phase. After all, the mass production of $^{67}Ga$ with high efficiency was possible.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 1996

Pathways both mediated by and independent of transferrin(Tf) and the TfR have been described for the accumulation of iron. Although it is not clear whether the same systems take up iron and gallium, these pathways may suggest the contention that uptake of Ga-67 can, in fact, occur by both Tf-independent and Tf-dependent systems and may share with Fe-59 in part the same mechanism for uptake. The predominant system by which uptake of both radiometals occurs may be different in the degree of the transformation of tumor. Transformed(MMSV/3T3) and untransformed(BALB/3T3) cells were incubated with luM of Ga-67-citrate of Fe-59-chloride for 15 min. at $37^{\circ}C$ in either the presence or absence of Tf. After then, the monolayers were washed with HBSS or PBS, and the cells were solubilized in 1% SDS for gamma well counting and protein determinations. There were similarities, as well as differences, in the pattern of uptake of Fe-59 and Ga-67 presented both in ionic from and as bound to Tf. Both radiometals appeared gain to cells in either ionic or Tf-bound forms. Transformed cells appeared to accumulate more radiometal, either Ga-67 or Fe-59 in the presence of Tf than do the their untransforemd counterparts. Conversly the presentation of either radiometal in ionic form resulted in significantly greater accumulation of metal by the untransformed cells than those transformed. The efficiency for uptake of Ga-67 or Fe-59 in the absence of Tf was greater than for uptake of the Ga-Tf or Fe-Tf. However, the magnitude of difference in efficiency of uptake was greater for Fe-59(10-fold) than for Ga-67 (3-fold). Our results Supports the theory that both Tf-independent and Tf-dependent systems for the uptake of Ga-67 both systems operate oppositely between transformed cells and those untransformed, with uptake by the predominating in transformed cells by the Tf-mediated system and in untransformed cells by the Tf-independent. The uptake of Ga-67 by tumor may share with Fe-59 in part the same mechanism.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.870-878
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• 2000

Background : We have studied the $^{67}Ga$ SPECT to determine the activity of pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in patients with minimal extent of the disease on chest radiographs. Because active minimal pulmonary tuberculosis is sometimes difficult to diagnose by means of initial chest X-ray, sputum examination and $^{67}Ga$ planar imaging, we compared $^{67}Ga$ planar imaging with SPECT to evaluate minimal pulmonary tuberculosis activity. Methods : $^{67}Ga$ planar imagings and SPECTs of 69 patients suspected of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis by the initial chest X-ray were performed and compared to each other. Active pulmonary tuberculosis was defined by a positive AFB smear and/or culture in the sputum and changes shown on the serial chest X-ray findings. Results : 1) $^{67}Ga$ planar imaging imagings showed positive uptakes in 24 patients and no uptakes in 13 patients, patients, which confirms active pulmonary tuberculosis. But SPECT imagings showed positive uptakes in 25 patients and no uptakes in 12 patients. 2) Patients confirmed with inactive pulmonary tuberculosis showed no uptake on $^{67}Ga$ planar imaging. Only one of the 32 patients confirmed as having inactive pulmonary tuberculosis showed positive uptake on $^{67}Ga$ SPECT imaging. Conclusions : According to the results of our study, $^{67}Ga$ planar imaging and SPECT are both sensitive in detecting the activity of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis. The difference between the two methods is not statistically significant, and the negative predictive value of the $^{67}Ga$ SPECT is not higher than that of $^{67}Ga$ planar imaging.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Ga-67 scintigram in predicting the disappearance of inflammatory activity in mandibular lesions of dogs. Inflammatory bony lesions were produced artificially by the injection of sclerosing solution and bacterial suspension through the distal root canals of the lower 4th premolars in 10 dogs. The serial Ga-67 scintigrams and periapical radiograms were obtained. After 3 to 6 weeks duration of antibiotic therapy, the experimental animals were killed, and the mandibles were dissected. Bacteriologic culture and antibiotic sensitivity test were done. 1. The following results were obtained. The negative Ga-67 scan has 100% predictive value, and is a strong evidence of the resolution of inflammatory activity. In 2 animals of positive Ga-67 scan, I animal had negative culture. In 14 cases of positive Ga-67 scan, radiographically there was increase in the size of lesion in 9 cases, no change in 5 cases. In 8 cases of negative Ga-67 scan, radiographically there was increase in the size of lesion in I case, no change in 6 cases and decrease in 1 case.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.377-383
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• 1994

Objective : We retrospectively analysed $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone and $^{67}Ga$ scans to evaluate therapeutic response of bone lymphoma among patients with complete remission. Subjects and Methods : We reviewed 35 cases with an increased uptake finding $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scans and 16 $^{67}Ga$ scans that were follow-up studies during and after therapy. The $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone and $^{67}Ga$ scans were graded visually from 1 to 4 in which grade 3 means same uptake density as that of normal sacroiliac articulation in bone scan and normal liver in $^{67}Ga$ scan, respectively. Results: The improvement findings during and after therapy were found in 66.0% (19/ 29) and 72.7% (24/33) with $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scan, 84.6% (l1/13) and 86.7% (13/15) with $^{67}Ga$ scan, respectively. The mean grades of the uptake density in $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scan were 3.06 before, 2.34 during, 1.75 after therapy. Those in the $^{67}Ga$ scan were 3.22 before, 1.42 during 1.30 after therapy. Conclusion. $^{67}Ga$ scans appeared more sensitive than bone scans in evaluating therapeutic response of bone lymphoma.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

Purpose: Ga-67 scintigraphy has been used for the evaluation of tumors, especially lymphoma. Recently, Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI were also used to tumor imaging. Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI had better physiologic characteristics than Ga-67, so we studied 32 biopsy proven lymphoma patients (male 24, female 8, mean age 46 years) with Ga-67, Tl-201 or Tc-99m MIBI and compared the scan findings. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three of 32 patients were injected 74-111 MBq (2-3 mCi) of Tl-201, before chemotherapy and imaged with dual-headed SPECT (Prism 2000, Picker, USA) at 30 minutes after injection. Delayed images were obtained after 3 hr in 8 patients. Twenty seven of 32 patients were injected 740 MBq (20 mCi) of Tc-99m MIBI and imaged at 30 minutes after injection. 111-185 MBq (3-5 mCi) of Ga-67 was injected in 12 patients and imaged at 48 and 72 hours after injection. Twenty eight patients were diagnosed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and others were Hodgkin's lymphoma. Results: Twenty patients were positive on Tl-201 scan and 3 patients showed negative findings. One of these 3 patients, Tc-99m MIBI and Ga-67 scan were positive. Twenty two patients were positive on Tc-99m MIBI scan and 5 patients showed negative findings. One of these 5 patients, Tl-201 was positive and 2 were positive on Ga-67 scan. Ten of 12 patients showed positive findings on Ga-67 scan. The sensitivity of these agents were 83.3%, 87.0% and 81.5% for Ga-67, Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI, respectively. The sensitivity was highest in Tl-201 scan, but there were no significant differences among three tests. In this study, there was no significant difference of uptake ratios between early and delayed images of Tl-201. Conclusion: Scintigraphy with Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI in lymphoma patients have similar sensitivity with Ga-67.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 1985

The ability of $^{67}Ga$, administered carrier free as the citrate complex, to localize in human and animal tumors to an extent sufficient to permit visualization of the lesion by scanning is well established. However, neither the mechanism of $^{67}Ga$ uptake by tumors or inflammatory cells nor its relationship to cell type or to the biochemical status of the cell is yet understood. Author investigated the uptake of $^{67}Ga-citrate$ using subcellular tissue fractionation of rat livers treated with $CCl_4$ associated with the $^3H-thymidine$ incorporation rate to detect subcellular localization of $^{67}Ga$ and it's relationship in DNA synthesis. Large amounts of $^{67}Ga$ associated with the soluble portion of tissue homogenate rather than with isolated cell organelles and not related nuclei residue in the regenerating period after hepatocellular injury caused by $CCl_4$. The elevated uptake of $^{67}Ga$ in the livers of $CCl_4$ treated rats was also inhibited when protein synthesis was stopped by cyclohexamide. Thus protein and the soluble portion of issue homogenates seems to play an important role in the elevated uptake of $^{67}Ga$ in liver injury induced by $CCl_4$ treated rats.