• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.213-223
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• 2013

Objectives Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common reason for people in Korea to visit Korean medical institutions. To assess actual amounts of use in the treatment of LBP in Korean medicine and to provide objective base line data for policy decision making, research regarding the current state of LBP patients' treatment in Korean medical institutions are in need. Methods The current study was designed as a retrospective chart review to investigate descriptive characteristics of LBP patients. The clinical records of 304 patients who were hospitalized for the treatment of LBP in Korean rehabilitation medicine inpatient clinics of five different Korean medicine hospitals were analyzed. The percentage of patient characteristics such as sex, age, average duration of admission, insurance type, diagnosed LBP related disease code, and rates of interventions applied were assessed. Results 1. The female sex was significantly predominant among patients with LBP : 105 patients (34.5%) were male and 199 patients (65.5%) were female. Percentage of the patients' age appeared as followed : 76 people (25.0%) were in their 50s, 64 people (21.1%) were in their 40s, 51 people (16.8%) were in their 30s, 37 people (12.2%) were in their 60s, and 33 people (10.9%) were in their 70s. Approximately half of the total LBP patients investigated were older than 50. 2. The average duration of admission was 16.2 days. Approximately one third (30.3%) of the patients were hospitalized for 8 to 14 days. 3. Female patients tended to stay admitted in hospitals slightly longer than male patients. Elderly (age 60~79) patients stayed in hospitals longer (17.8 days) compared to younger (age 20~39) patients (13.5 days). 4. More than half of the patients (171 cases, 56.3%) had their hospital bills covered with automobile insurance. 40.1% (122 cases) of the patients had medical insurance to cover their hospital bills. The average duration of admission of patients who had automobile insurance was 14.2 days, while that of the patients who had medical insurance was 18.4 days. 5. "Sprain and strain of the lumbar spine and pelvis" was the most commonly used (195 cases, 64.1%) disease code in patients with LBP. Patients diagnosed as "lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy" required the longest admission duration (22.1 days). 6. Herbal medication was applied to all of the patients during admission. Acupuncture was applied to all of the patients except one case diagnosed as spinal stenosis. Physical therapy, cupping therapy, moxibustion therapy, chuna therapy, and pharmacopuncture therapy were applied to 94.7, 92.8, 85.2, 83.9, and 49.7% of the patients, respectively. 7. There were certain differences among Korean medicine hospitals in terms of the LBP patients' duration of admission, type of insurance, frequency of the disease code use, type of intervention applied. Conclusions It is thought that the current study can be used as reference data in assessing the current state of LBP treatment in Korean rehabilitation medicine and a basis for future research. Provided improvements of certain limitations of the current study in future researches, such data would act as better base line data in policy decision making.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2021

Two specimens (1770~1850 mm disc width) of Mobula thurstoni, belonging to the family Myliobatidae, order Myliobatiformes, were first collected from the central coast of the Southern Sea of Korea in September 2018. This species is characterized by an anterior margin of disc with double curvature, a white-tipped dorsal fin, and the absence of a caudal spine. This species is morphologically similar to Mobula kuhlii, but has an anterior margin of pectoral fins with a double curvature and the dorsal coloration is bluish black rather than white. In addition, M. thurstoni was well distinguished from M. kuhlii as determined by mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences with genetic distances ranging from 0.030 to 0.069. The Korean name 'Mae-kkeun-kko-li-jwi-ga-o-li' is proposed for the species M. thurstoni.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1005-1010
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the steaming and wet grinding conditions to save effective compositions and to utilize whole roots of ginseng. The sweetness at the 3 different steaming conditions of non steaming group (A), $95^{\circ}C$/3 hr group (B) and $121^{\circ}C$/15 min group (C) resulted in 7.7, 10.7 and $11.2^{\circ}Brix$, and the browning intensity of 0.37, 1.97 and 1.50, respectively. The contents of crude saponin at the different steam heat treatments were 7.19 (A), 6.99 (B) and 8.83 mg/g (C). When sensory evaluation was conducted, the ginseng products processed at C condition showed the highest scores in the evaluation categories of bitter taste reduction, sweetness and overall acceptance. These results suggest that sensory characteristics of ginseng could be enhanced by the steam heat treatments. When the wet grinding with water addition volume to the steamed ginseng treated at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min was also investigated, the smallest particle size resulted from the water addition volume of 300%. The grinding efficiency of ginseng was found to be high at 30 min of grinding time and 3 times of grinding frequency with the mean particle size of $67.66\;{\mu}m$. The content of effective component did not show significant differences by grinding time and grinding frequency. Based on the results, the steam heat treatments ($121^{\circ}C$/15 min) and wet grinding procedures were found to be effective in utilizing whole roots and saving the effective compositions of ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.229-234
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• 2011

This study investigated quality characteristics of 4 year-old ginseng by enzymatic hydrolysis conditions to increase utilization. Ginseng was ground after steaming and was each treated with hydrolase A, B, C and D. When quality characteristics by the enzymes were examined, no significant difference was observed with pH of 5.5~5.6 and the sugar content of 4.0~4.33. The crude saponin content was the highest in ginseng treated with D, followed by B, C and A. The crude saponin, the reducing sugar and the total sugar contents increased until 0.3% (w/w) concentration in enzyme D with no significant difference by its concentration. Although active ingredients increased with time passage of hydrolysis, no significant change was found after three hours and the crude saponin content was the highest when ginseng was treated at $60^{\circ}C$. From these results, optimum conditions for 4 year-old ginseng were $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours with 0.3% (w/w) enzyme D, and under these conditions the reducing sugar, the total sugar and the crude saponin contents recorded 18.11, 36.21 and 4.23 mg/g, respectively. Therefore, enzymatic hydrolysis was found to be effective in increasing active ingredients of 4 year-old ginseng with various usages expected.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2010

In the Joseon Dynasty, various fruit teas were popularized to promote health, with spread of Donguibogam and Hyangyag gugeupbang. As interest in fruit tea has recently increased, studies on its manufacture have become necessary. We used response surface analysis for rediscovery and commercialization of grape tea. Major materials of traditional grape tea are grape juice, pear juice, ginger juice, and honey, and the sugar contents of these materials were 12.3, 14.1, 3.3 and 75 $^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. When sensory examinations were conducted with subjects aged 40-60 years, the difference between dilution ratios of 100% and 150% was not significant, but tea diluted by 150% showed somewhat higher scores than did tea diluted by 100%. Ginger taste and sweetness were found to have the greatest effect on overall acceptance. Regression analysis on color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptance values, with reference to ginger juice and honey as independent variables, revealed that the $R^2$ values were 0.8411, 0.6717, 0.9499, and 0.9015, respectively. Contour maps were superimposed to obtain an optimal combination of ingredients for traditional grape tea, and the indicated levels of ginger juice and honey were 0.46-0.69% and 3.85-5.20%, in combination with grape juice, pear juice, and water concentrations of 28%, 9% and 60% (all w/w), respectively. Thus, it is now possible to prepare traditional grape tea.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2014

Purpose: We aimed to investigate trunk angle and muscle activation of the extremity and back to evaluate the effect of chest compression on work-related musculoskeletal disorders in 119 emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Methods: Eighteen 119 EMTs performed 2-minute chest compression without interruption on a cardiopulmonary resuscitation manikin, during which we measured changes in the trunk and shoulder joint angles, muscle activation (triceps brachii, biceps brachii, erector spinae, gluteus maximus, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris) and chest compression accuracy. Results: The decrease in trunk angle by trunk muscle activation was the highest in event 2, the major direction of chest compression. Both shoulder joint angles had no significant difference. Muscle activation of the triceps brachii (p < .01), biceps brachii (p < .05), rectus abdominis (p < .05) and rectus femoris (p < .01) significantly increased during the compression phase compared with the decompression phase, with the rectus femoris showing an increase of 19%. Muscle activation of the erector spinae significantly increased in the decompression phase compared with the compression phase (p < .01). Conclusion: 119 EMTs mainly use the triceps brachii, biceps brachii and pectoralis major muscles during chest compression.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.338-360
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate the phonetic alterations with upper anterior teeth were missing. To compare the changes of the phonations, before and after insertion of the temporary prosthesis, six subjects who lost their upper anterior teeth were selected (2-male, 4-female). Tested sounds (/ga(가), na(나), da(다), ra(라), sa(사), ja(자), cha(차), ta(타), pa(파), ha(하), gi(기), ni(니), di(디), ri(리), si(시), jl(지), chi(치), ti(티), pi(피), hi(히), seu(스), se(세), so(소), su(수)/were programmed into an IBM AT with and without temporary prosthesis. These experiments were analyzed by formants, consonants durations, and energy level changes with an LSI speech work station program. During the pronunciation of the tested sounds (with and without temporary prosthesis), mandibular movements were recorded to a Mandibular Kinesiogram and analyzed . The findings led to the following conclusions: 1. Objective differences could not be found. However, in every informant, subjective improvement could be noticed. 2. There were no persistant correlations of the formant's changes. And in every informant, phonetic changes were variable. 3. There were various changes of the consonant durations in every informant. By and large, those of /si(시), jl(지), chi(치), Pi(피), hi(히)/ were longer than other tested sounds. After insertion of the prosthesis, durations were shorter. Consonants with /i(ㅣ)/ were longer than with /a(ㅏ)/, with or without prosthesis. 4. With and without temporary prosthesis, mandibular movements were various in the frontal view. Mandibular movements showed lateral deviations, and mandibular positions with /si(시), ji(지), ti(티), seu(스), hi(히)/ were nearer to the mandibular rest position. 5. The kinds of temporary prosthesis and conditions of the missing teeth influenced every informant variously, so there were no correlation between informants. 6. Energy levels increased in all tested sounds with a fixed temporary prosthesis. And, there were no differences between before and after insertion of a removable temporary prosthesis. However, sibilant sounds, and consonants with /i(ㅣ)/ showed a little increased energy level.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.2075-2082
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• 2006

This paper presents modeling and optimization techniques for hish efficiency solar cell process on single-crystalline float zone (FZ) wafers. Among a sequence of multiple steps of fabrication, the followings are the most sensitive steps for the contact formation: 1) Emitter formation by diffusion; 2) Anti-reflection-coating (ARC) with silicon nitride using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD); 3) Screen-printing for front and back metalization; and 4) Contact formation by firing. In order to increase the performance of solar cells in terms of efficiency, the contact formation process is modeled and optimized using neural networks and genetic algorithms, respectively. This paper utilizes the design of experiments (DOE) in contact formation to reduce process time and fabrication costs. The experiments were designed by using central composite design which consists of 24 factorial design augmented by 8 axial points with three center points. After contact formation process, the efficiency of the fabricated solar cell is modeled using neural networks. Established efficiency model is then used for the analysis of the process characteristics and process optimization for more efficient solar cell fabrication.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.595-646
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• 2000

I. Introduction Bi(痺) means blocking. BiJeung is one kind of symptoms making muscles, bones and jonts feel pain, numbness or edema. For example it can be gout or SLE etc. says that Bi is combination of PungHanSeup. And many doctors said that BiJeung is caused by food, fatigue, sex, stress and change of weather. Therefore we must treat BiJeung by character of patients and characteristic of the disease. Many famous doctors studied medical science by their fathers or teachers. So the history of medical science is long. So I studied ${\ll}Bijeungjujip{\gg}$. II. Final Decision 1. JoGeumTak(趙金鐸) devided BiJeung into Pung, Han, Seup and EumHeo, HeulHeo, YangHeo, GanSinHeo by charcter or reaction of pain. And he use DaeJinGyoTang, GyegiGakYakJiMoTang, SamyoSan, etc. 2. JangPaeGyeu(張沛圭) focused on division of HanYeol(寒熱; coldness and heat) in spite of complexity of BiJeung. He also used insects for treatment. They are very useful for treatment of BiJeung because they can remove EoHyeol(瘀血). 3. SeolMaeng(薛盟) said that the actual cause of BiJeung is Seup. So he thought that BiJeung can be divided into PungSeup, SeupYeol, HanSeup. And he established 6 rules to treat BiJeung and he studied herbs. 4. JangGi(張琪) introduced 10 prescriptions and 10 rules to cure BiJeung. The 1st prescription is for OyeSa, 2nd for internal Yeol, 3rd for old BiJeung, 4th for Soothing muscles, 5th for HanSeup, 6th for regular BiJeung, 7th for functional disorder, 8th for YeolBi, 9th for joint pain and 10th for pain of lower limb. 5. GangSeYoung(江世英) used PungYeongTang(風靈湯) for the treatment of PungBi, OGyeHeukHoTang(烏桂黑虎湯) for HanBi, BangGiMokGwaTang(防己木瓜湯) for SeupBi, YeolBiTang(熱痺湯) for YeolBi, WoDaeRyeokTang(牛大力湯) for GiHei, HyeolPungGeunTang(血楓根湯) for HyeolHeo, ToJiRyongTang(土地龍湯) for the acute stage of SeupBi, OJoRyongTang(五爪龍湯) for the chronic stage of SeupBi, and so on. 6. ShiGeumMook(施今墨) devided BiJeung into four types. They are PungSeupYeol, PungHanSeup, GiHyeolSil(氣血實) and GiHyeolHeo(氣血虛). And he introduced the eight rules of the treatment(SanPun(散風), ChukHan(逐寒), GeoSeuP(, CheongYeol(淸熱), TongRak(通絡), HwalHyeol(活血), HaengGi(行氣), BoHeo(補虛)). 7. WangYiYou(王李儒) explained the acute athritis and said that it can be applicable to HaneBi(行痺). And he used GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang(桂枝芍蘂知母湯) for HanBi and YeolBiJinTongTang(熱痺鎭痛湯) for YeolBi. 8. JangJinYeo(章眞如) said that YeolBi is more common than HanBi. The sympthoms of YeolBi are severe pain, fever, dried tongue, insomnia, etc. And he devided YeolBi into SilYeol and HeoYeol. In case of SilYeol, he used GyeoJiTangHapBaekHoTang(桂枝湯合白虎湯) and in case of HeoYeol he used JaEumYangAekTang(滋陰養液湯). 9. SaHaeJu(謝海洲) introduced three important rules of treatment and four appropriate rules of treatment of BiJeung. 10. YouDoJu(劉渡舟) said that YeolBi is more common than HanBi. He used GaGamMokBanGiTang(加減木防已湯) for YeolBi, GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang or GyeJiBuJaTang(桂枝附子湯) for HanBi and WooHwangHwan(牛黃丸) for the joint pain. 11. GangYiSon(江爾遜) focused on the internal cause. The most important internal cause is JeongGiHeo(正氣虛). So he tried to treat BiJeung by means of balance of Gi and Hyeol. So he ususlly used ODuTang(烏頭湯) and SamHwangTang(三黃湯) for YeolBi, OJeokSan(五積散) for HanBi, SamBiTang(三痺湯) for the chronic BiJeung. 12. HoGeonHwa(胡建華) said that to distinguish YeolBi from Hanbi is very difficult. So he used GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang in case of mixture of HanBi and YeoBi. 13. PiBokGo(畢福高) said that the most common BiJeung is HanBi. He usually used acupuncture with medicine. He followed the theory of EumYongHwa(嚴用和)-he focused on SeonBoHuSa(先補後瀉). 14. ChoiMunBin(崔文彬) used GeoPungHwalHyeolTang(祛風活血湯) for HanBi, SanHanTongRakTang(散寒通絡湯) for TongBi(痛痺), LiSeupHwaRakTang(利濕和絡湯) for ChakBi(着痺), CheongYeolTongGyeolChukBiTang(淸熱通經逐痺湯) for YeolBi(熱痺) and GeoPungHwalHyeolTang(祛風活血湯) for PiBi(皮痺). 15. YouleokSeon(劉赤選) introduced the common principle for the treatment of BiJeung. He used HaePuneDeungTang(海風藤湯) for HaengBi(行痺), SinChakTang(腎着湯), DokHwalGiSaengTang(獨活寄生湯) for TongBi(痛痺), TongPungBang(痛風方) for ChakBi(着痺) and SangGiYiMiTangGaYeongYangGakTang(桑枝苡米湯加羚羊角骨) for YeolBi(熱痺). 16. LimHakHwa(林鶴和) said about TanTan(movement disorders or numbness) and devided TanTan into the acute stage and the chronic stage. He used acupuncture at the meridian spot like YeolGyeol(列缺), HapGok(合谷), etc. And he also used MaHwangBuJaSeSinTang(麻黃附子細辛湯) in case of the acute stage. In the chronic stage he used BangPungTang(防風湯). 17. JinBaekGeun(陳伯勤) liked to use three rules(HwaHyeol(活血), ChiDam(治痰), BoSin(補腎)) to treat BiJeung. He used JinTongSan(鎭痛散) for the purpose of HwalHyeol(活血), SoHwalRakDan(小活絡丹) for ChiDam(治痰) and DokHwalGiSaengTang(獨活寄生湯) for BoSin(補腎). 18. YimGyeHak(任繼學) focused on YangHyeolJoGi(養血調氣) if the stage of BiJeung is chronic. And in the chronic stage he insisted on not using GalHwal(羌活), DokHwal(獨活) and BangPung(防風).

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1999

This study is a descriptive research to identify lifestyle for health promotion, health condition, and degree of life satisfaction based on Korean elderly's physical constitution. The interviewee of this research was 53 outpatients of Oriental herbal medicine hospitals who are the residents either in Seoul or Taegu city. The data collection was performed during the March to the November of 1999. The research tools used for the measurement of the lifestyle for health promotion was "The Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile" developed by Walker, Sechrist and Pender. Measurement of the health condition was carried out using CMI(Cornell Medical Index) developed by Brodman, Erdmann, Lorge and Wolff. The Index for degree of the life satisfaction of elderly developed by Yun Jin was utilized to measure the degree of life satisfaction. Data analysis was performed using SPSSWin 9.0 software. In some cases, frequency, percentile, t-test, ANOVA or Pearson Correlation was also used to meet the specific research purposes when necessary. Tukey test was done for the post test. The conclusions are as follows. 1) The ANOVA test showed a significant difference in the lifestyle for the health promotion depending on physical constitutions of the interviewee. According to the Tukey test, 태음인 ($103.67{\pm}16.81$) performed better lifestyle for the health promotion than SOEMIN(少陰人, $85.34{\pm}12.69$) and 소양인($88.47{\pm}16.81$) (F=6.72, p=.003). 2) The result of the Pearson Correlation showed a positive correlation between the lifestyle for health promotion and health condition. As a result, the group practicing lifestyle for health promotion maintained a good health condition. Result of the Pearson Correlation also showed a proportional correlation between the lifestyle for health promotion and life satisfaction. Accordingly, the group practicing lifestyle for health promotion maintained a high degree of life satisfaction. Finally, the result of the Pearson Correlation showed a proportional correlation between the health condition and the degree of life satisfaction. Consequently, the group in a good health condition showed the high degree of life satisfaction.