• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 1996

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling aid global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission. The model that is based on C, 13C and 14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed $CO_2$ concentration, $\delta$13C and $\Delta$14C in the atmosphere, Δ14C in the soil, and $\Delta$14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO, emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, 13C and 14C as $CO_2$ emissions from fossil fuel use, and 14C injection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropoRenic $CO_2$ shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost cia organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in $CO_2$ policy and management, climate modeling, $CO_2$ impacts, and crop models.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.325-329
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• 2008

To enhance the skin delivery of genistein (GT), a soybean isoflavone having anti oxidative activity, comparative formulation studies including liposomes were carried out. GT-loaded conventional and elastic liposomal gel showed the enhanced skin deposition and photoprotection effect as well, in comparison to GT suspension. Elastic liposomes composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate (85:15, w/w%) were superior to conventional liposomes and were of characteristics as follows: about 130 nm in size; 85% encapsulation efficiency of GT; 5.8% skin deposition of applied dose; 40% inhibition effect on UVB-induced $H_2O_2$ production. Photoprotection effect was closely related to skin deposition of GT. In conclusion, it is possible to suggest that elastic liposomes could be a promising nanocarrier system for efficient skin delivery.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1007-1017
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• 1994

In order to investigate the effect of Korean green tea, oolong tea and black tea beverage on the antioxidative detoxification in cadmium(Cd) poisoned rat liver, male Sprague-Dawley rat weighing 143$\pm$3.2g were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were fed standard diet containing 40ppm Cd and were given distilled water(CD), 5% black tea(BT), oolong tea(OT) and green tea(GT), respectively. Tea beverages were extracted from 5G dry leaves of teas in 100ml hot distilled water by the treatment at 85$^{\circ}C$ for 3 min. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activity was increased by the administration of Cd except GT group. Liver superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px), glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities were decreased by te administration of Cd but did not decreased by the administration of green tea(in GT group). Vitamin E and reduced glutathione contents were significantly decreased in Cd administered groups. Liver lipid peroxide value in Cd administered groups were increased compared to control group, but was not increased in GT group. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activities in CD, OT, BT groups were higher than control, but that in GT group was similar to control group. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activity was not significantly different among various groups. It was concluded that green tea might alleviate peroxidative damage in Cd-administered rat liver by reinforcing antioxidative detoxification system.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.320-324
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• 1995

Pretreatment of Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR) to male Sprague-Dawley rats was demonstrated to increase excretion of acetaminophen-glucuronide ocnjugate when bile nad urine were assayed after administration of acetaminophen. In order to study the effect of GR on the glucuronidation in rats, we examined enzymatic activities of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UDP-GT1 and UDP-GT2) and intracellular concentrations of hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GA), upon the administration of GR (1 g/kg body weight, p.o.) or glycyrrhizin (23 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) a major component of GR, for 6 days. GR and glycyrrhizin caused increases in specific activities of UDP-GT2 111% and 96% respectively. Specific activity of UDP-GT1 was increased 25% by GR treatment whereas it was not significantly increased by glycyrrhizin. Concentrations of UDP-GA were increased 257% by GR and 484% by glycyrrhizin. These data indicate that GR activated glucuronidation and thus suggest the possibility that GR may influence detoxification of xenobiotics in rat liver.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1393-1396
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• 2010

The attachment of sugar to flavonoids enhances their solubility. Glycosylation is performed primarily by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). The UGT from Bacillus cereus, BcGT-1, transferred three glucose molecules into kaempferol. The structural analysis of BcGT-1 showed that its substrate binding site is wider than that of plant flavonoid monoglucosyltransferases. In order to create monoglucosyltransferase from BcGT-1, the error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed. We analyzed 150 clones. Among them, two mutants generated only kaempferol O-monoglucoside, albeit with reduced reactivity. Unexpectedly, the two mutants harbored mutations in the amino acids located outside of the active sites. Based on the modeled structure of BcGT-1, it was proposed that the local change in the secondary structure of BcGT-1 caused the alteration of triglucosyltransferase into monoglucosyltransferase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.49-58
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• 2004

This study is aimed to define and classify GREEN TOURISM (GT) resources as the basis for rural sustainable development, and to analyze the current conditions of GT and applicable resources in Korea. For these purposes, a field survey about 24 rural villages in Japan and Korea is applied, accompanied by a questionnaire survey of 30 specialists, as well as a literature review. The results of this study are summarized as follows. The concept of GT has 3 important points: interchange between rural and urban residents, staying in villages, and residents' participation. GT resource are divided into 4 types: Agricultural, Ecological, Historical and Living resources in a space and activity program. In addition, the GT resources in Japan are more quantitatively abundant than in Korea, but Korean agricultural and ecological resources were more abundant relatively. According to the several methods above, 18 space and 14 activity programs were classified. Lastly, this study analyzed the applicable 32 Korean resources using the specialists' questionnaire survey. Among the space resources, ecological landscape, farm produce, farm-land, water, and historical landscape have higher applicability, but the applicability of sports, event, commemoration, and divine space are lower. Among the activity programs, farm produce, animal, plant, food&beverage, and living appliance have higher applicability.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.859-865
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• 2008

Bacterial glycosyltransferases have drawn growing attention as economical enzymes for oligosaccharide synthesis, with their easy expression and relatively broad substrate specificity. Here, we characterized a glycosyltransferase homolog (Fnu_GT) from a human oral pathogen, Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bioinformatic analysis showed that Fnu_GT belongs to the glycosyltransferases family II. The recombinant Fnu_GT (rFnu_GT) expressed in Escherichia coli displayed the highest glycosylation activity when UDP-galactose (Gal) was used as a donor nucleotide-sugar with heptose or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) as an acceptor sugar. Interestingly, rFnu_GT transferred the galactose moiety of UDP-Gal to a nonreducing terminal GlcNAc attached to the trimannosyl core glycan, indicating its potential as an enzyme for human-type N-glycan synthesis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.521-524
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• 2001

A method using PCR was developed for the monitoring of glyphosate tolerant soybean (GTS) produced by the DNA recombination technique. We designed 3 pairs of specific oligonucleotide primers based on the gene sequences inserted in soybean and in lectin and ferritin genes as internal standards. Template DNAs were isolated from soybeans by the modified hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)method and used for PCR with different primer sets. PCR, used with specific primer sets for GTS detection, showed the amplified DNA fragments with GTS template DNA but no product showed with non-GTS template. PCR amplified products were confirmed by DNA sequencing and were detected for up to 0.05% of GTS template DNA.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.141-146
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• 2019

The aircraft noise analysis area in this study is a training airfield where various kinds of aircraft are operated. It is difficult to identify the noise analysis as a real measurement in a training airfield. In order to overcome these practical limitations and to establish appropriate noise countermeasures, a noise map is prepared using the Integrated Noise Model Version 7.0 of the aircraft noise prediction program used by the FAA. The noise of C90GT aircraft was measured while flying the takeoff route, landing route, and long route. We want to identify areas where noise damage is more than 70 WECPNL. No area exceeding the legal standard of 70 WECPNL was found in all routes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2021

Purpose: The present study was undertaken to examine whether periodontal probe visibility (PV) accurately reflects gingival thickness (GT) and to identify factors affecting PV using cluster and multivariate analyses. Methods: The clinical characteristics of the maxillary central incisors (n=90 subjects) were examined. Clinical photographs, sex, PV, probing depth, gingival width, papilla height, GT as measured with an ultrasonic device, and the ratio of crown width to crown length were recorded. Multivariate analysis, using multinomial baseline-category logistic regression, was used to identify factors predictive of PV. Cluster analysis was used to identify gingival biotypes. Results: In the multivariate analysis, sex was the only significant predictor of PV (odds ratio, 6.48). Two clusters of subjects were created based on morphometric parameters. The mean GT among cluster A subjects was significantly lower than that among cluster B subjects (P=0.015). No significant difference was found between cluster A and B subjects in terms of PV score (P=0.583). Conclusions: Periodontal PV was not associated with GT as measured directly using an ultrasonic device. Sex was a highly significant predictor of periodontal PV. GT was found to be correlated with morphological characteristics of the periodontium.