• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.701-710
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• 2008

The wild simulated ginseng (WSG) has been effectively used in folk medicine as a remedy against hepatic disease, hypertension and arthritic disease. However, there is still lack of scientific proof about its antioxidant capability. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the protective role of the WSG ethanol extract in the CCl4-induced oxidative stress and resultant hepatic disfunction in ICR mice. The electron donating abilities and IC50 of WSG etnanol extract were 76.86 ${\pm}$ 1.06% and 33.3 ${\mu}g$/mL (that of ascobic acid was 16.5 ${\mu}g$/mL), respectively. Total antioxidant status of WSG extract was 2.13 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mmoL/mg, while the values of ascorbic acid and BHT were 3.63 ${\pm}$ 0.06 and 3.12 ${\pm}$ 0.02, respectively. ICR mice (aged 3weeks) were fed for 4 weeks on AIN-93M diet and had free access to food and water. The animals were divided into three groups: normal group (intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with PBS at 100 ${\mu}L$/mouse), group C; CCl4-induced and without any treatment. (i.p injected only PBS, 100 ${\mu}L$ /mice), group G; CCl4-induced and treated with WSG (i.p injected with 5 mg WSG extract per mouse, suspended in 100 ${\mu}L$ phosphate buffer). After the i.p. injection of WSG or PBS (5 times for 7weeks), all mice were administered CCl4 in olive oil at the last day of the experiment, except for normal group. The normal group was administered only olive oil. Determination of plasma triglyceride, total cholersterol, fasting glucose and GPT activity was performed using automatic blood analyzer. To evaluate the protective effect against the oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and TBARS were determined in blood leucocytes and RBC and hepatocyte, respectively. Body and organs weights and food intake did not show significant differences among the groups. Blood total cholesterol of group G was similar to that of normal group, which was the lowest in group C. The fasting blood glucose level was the highest in normal group (205.20 ${\pm}$ 135.24), which were decreased in group C (134.2 ${\pm}$ 79.31) and group G (126.48 ${\pm}$ 77.05). TBARS values in a red blood cell and hepatic tisuue homogenate were lower in group G comparing to the group C. DNA% in tail, tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM) of blood leucoocytes showed the highest values in group C (20.11 ${\pm}$ 2.47, 17.36 ${\pm}$ 2.58, 94.11 ${\pm}$ 12.29) and they were significantly diminished in group G (9.63 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 7.04 ${\pm}$ 1.50, 38.64 ${\pm}$ 7.60). In conclusion, wild simulated ginseng might be a protective agent against the oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1356-1362
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysate (extract) of Salicomia herbacea L. (Korean name: Hamcho) on antioxidative defense system in rats fed high cholesterol diet. Rats were divided into six experimental groups which are composed of normal diet group, normal diet group supplemented with 2% Hamcho extract, high cholesterol diet group, high cholesterol diet groups supplemented with 1%, 2% and 4% Hamcho extracts. The activity of serum glutamate oxaloacetae transaminase in rats was not different among all experimental groups, while the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase in groups supplemented with Hamcho extract was significantly lower than that of high cholesterol control group. Supplementation of Hamcho extract (SHE) to the high cholesterol fed rats resulted in increased activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peioxidase. However, there was no significant difference in the activity of hepatic catalase among all experimental groups. SHE also resulted in decreased levels of hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and mitochondrial carbonyl values. Those effects were higher to some extent in 2% and 4% Hamcho extract groups than those of high cholesterol control group. These results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysate of Hamcho may reduce oxidative damage by activation of antioxidative defense system in rats fed high cholesterol diets.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.446-452
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• 2000

This study was designed to observe the body growth and components of edible mugwort(Artemisia sp.) and medicinal mugwort(Kanghwa medicinal mugwort) . Twenty-four young rats of Sprague Dawley strain, body weight of about 89g were used in this study. They were fed on the basal diet(control diet) supplemented with 5% edible mugwort powder ( EM diet) and 5% medicinal mugwort powder( MM diet) for 4 weeks respectively. In proximate composition of nutrients of mugwort in dry basis(100g). crude protein (16.4g) and crude ash(11.8g) contents of EM were higher to about 2% than that of MM, but crude lipid content(4.3g) of EM was lower to about 2% than that of MM. However, the contents in calcium(6.9g) of MM was higher to 5.3 times than that of EM. but in Mn(17mg), Zn(0.5mg), Fe(131mg), Mg(337mg) of EM were higher to 2.8∼2.3 times and vitamin A(39,776 IU) of EM was higher to 2.9 times than that of MM respectively. Body wight gain rate and diet efficiency ratio of EM and MM diet group were similar to that of the control group. The contents of total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen. creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, amylase, transaminase (GOT, GPT) in serum exhibited no remarkable difference among of the EM and MM diet group but the level of LDH activity of MM diet group were significantly lower than that of the control group and EM diet group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 1981

The purpose of this paper is to find out whether Du-chung tea and Du-chung tea added with Stevia leaves are suitable for everyday use of diabetics. For this purpose, states of diabetic rabbit, induced by giving alloxan to normal rabbit, were examined in two cases. One was to administer Du-chung tea sweetened by sugar to the above same animal and the other to apply Du-chung tea sweetened by Stevia leaves, instead of sugar, under the equal condition. A study was carried out to determine the effects on blood sugar level, contents of BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and total cholesterol, and GPT (glutamic pyruvate transaminase) activity in both groups. The following results were obtained. 1) Sweetness of Du-chung tea added with 0.3-0.5% Stevia leaves was never to the standard sweetness. 2) Sweetness of Du-chung tea with 2% sugar plus 0.2% Stevia leaves was the nearest to the standard sweetness. 3) Du-chung tea with 0.5% Stevia leaves was recognized as the most effective the next was Du-chung tea no sweetening, and the worst was Du-chung tea with sugar. Addition of 0.2% Stevia leaves without lessening sugar concentration of the above Du-chung tea showed the same result as Du-chung tea with sugar. 4) Du-chung tea with Stevia leaves and Du-chung tea without sweetening had the tendency of reducing the total cholesterol content in serum, while only Du-chung tea with Stevia leaves presented remarked difference after 4, 6 and 10 days, when they were compared with control group. 5) Degree of CPT, activity had in general the similar tendency- to that of total cholesterol content. 6) Taken Du-chung tea with Stevia leaves and Du-chung tea without sweetening, the BUN content showed reducing tendency in small quanity, but, having little defference from control group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.619-624
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• 2000

Low-quality roughages [banana wastes (B), wheat straw (WS) and dried broiler litter (BL)] were ensiled using either sweet whey (W) or diluted molasses (M) as rehydration media to study their effects on milk yield, milk composition and some parameters of blood plasma. The feeding trial involved 25 lactating buffaloes in five groups (five animals each). Buffaloes as control animals received diets of concentrate feed mixture, rice straw and wastelages (70:30:00). In the other 4 treatments, the wastelages replaced 50% of rice straw in the control diets. The wastelages were BL:B:M(3:2:10) (T1), BL:WS:M (3:2:10) (T2), BL:B:W (3:2:10) (T3) and BL:WS:W (3:2:10) (T4) on a fresh matter basis, during the 1st 17 weeks of lactation period. Results indicated that feeding lactating buffaloes on wastelages resulted in slightly higher (p>0.05) milk yield, 4% fat-corrected-milk yield and feed efficiency, and slightly lowered (p>0.05) contents of milk total solids, fat and protein. Wastelages, especially BL-B-M, increased (p<0.05) milk non-protein-nitrogen and ash contents and plasma urea, GOT and GPT. The results demonstrate that banana plant wastes with some additives in silage form may be good untraditional roughage for lactating buffaloes without any adverse effect on milk production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to evaluate anti-Salmonella enteritidis (anti-SE) bacteriophage as feed additives to prevent Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. The experimental diets were formulated for 2 phases feeding trial, and 3 different levels (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%) of anti-SE bacteriophage were supplemented in basal diet. The basal diet was regarded as the control treatment. A total of 320 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted by randomized complete block (RCB) design in 8 replicates with 10 chicks per pen. All birds were raised on rice hull bedding in ambient controlled environment and free access to feed and water. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at terminal period among treatments (p>0.05). Relative weights of liver, spleen, abdominal fat and tissue muscle of breast obtained from each anti-SE bacteriophage treatment were similar to control, with a slightly higher value in anti-SE bacteriophage 0.2%. In addition, a numerical difference of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and LDL cholesterol level was observed in the 0.2% anti-SE bacteriophage application even though blood profiles were not significantly affected by supplemented levels of anti-SE bacteriophage (p>0.05). In the result of a 14 d record after Salmonella enteritidis challenge of 160 birds from 4 previous treatments, mortality was linearly decreased with increasing anti-SE bacteriophage level (p<0.05), and Salmonella enteritidis concentration in the cecum was decreased with increasing levels of anti-SE bacteriophage (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it is considered that supplementation of 0.2% anti-SE bacteriophage may not cause any negative effect on growth, meat production, and it reduces mortality after Salmonella enteritidis challenge. These results imply to a possible use of anti-SE bacteriophage as an alternative feed additive instead of antibiotics in broilers diet.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.26-36
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• 2015

Objectives In this study, effect of Geumsuyukgunjeon (GYJ) on the increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances of rats with acute bronchitis and EGF-induced MUC5AC mucin production from human airway epithelial cells were investigated. Materials and Methods Hypersecretion of airway mucus was induced by exposure of rats to SO2 during 3 weeks. Effect of orally-administered GYJ during 2 weeks on increase in airway epithelial mucosubstances from tracheal goblet cells of rats was assesed using histopathological analysis after staining the epithelial tissue with PAS-alcian blue. Possible cytotoxicity of GYJ was assessed by examining the potential damage of kidney and liver functions by measuring serum GOT/GPT activities and serum BUN and creatinine concentrations of rats and the body weight gain during experiment, after administering GYJ orally. Effect of GYJ on EGF-induced MUC5AC mucin production from human airway epithelial cells (A549) was investigated. Confluent A549 cells were pretreated for 30 min in the presence of GYJ and treated with EGF (25 ng/ml) for 24 hrs, to assess the effect of GYJ on EGF-induced MUC5AC mucin production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results (1) GYJ decreased the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances of trachea of rats. (2) GYJ did not show kidney and liver toxicities and did not affect body weight gain of rats during experiment. (3) GYJ significantly inhibited EGF-induced MUC5AC mucin production from A549 cells. Conclusions The result from the present study suggests that GYJ might control both the mucus hypersecretion in vivo and do not show in vivo toxicity to liver and kidney functions after oral administration and the production of pulmonary mucin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2010

This study aims at investigating the health and nutritional status of the adults according to frequency of eating out. One day food intake data were collected by 24 hr recall dietary survey and body size, blood pressure and some blood lipids and other constituents were measured on 137 Daejeon metropolitan citizens 20 yrs old and above who visited Chungnam National University Hospital for physical examination during the period of December 6, to December 15, 2008. The frequency of eating out were categorized into four levels: less than once a week, once a week, 2-3 times a week, 4 times a week and above. Body mass Index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, GPT and GOT did not showed any significant difference according to the frequency of eating out of the subjects. Though, systolic blood pressures and serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed a little tendency to be high in the subjects eating out 2-3 times a week. In the contrary, serum triglyceride level tended to be low in the same group. The subjects eating out 4 times a week and over took more total protein, animal protein, animal fat, phosphorus and vitamin $B_2$ than any other group. Also protein energy ratio was the highest in the group eating out 4 times a week and above and they took more animal food group, other food group, beverages teas and alcohols than other groups eating out. These results showed that higher frequency of eating out leads to higher intake of protein, fat, phosphorus, animal food groups and other food groups (oils, beverages, seasonings) and to lower intake of vitamin C and plant food groups. It, thus, suggested that the strategy for restaurant business is required to provide the menu substituted animal food by more plant food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intakes, blood pressure, and biochemical values and lipid profile in blood according to smoking status. Subjects were recruited from Korean adult men, which included non-smoker (n=47), smoker (n=58), and ex- smoker (n=44) . Anthropometrical measurement, blood pressure measurement, dietary intake assessment using 24-hour recall method, and blood collection and analysis were conducted. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the subject were 54.7 years, 165.8 cm, 67.3 kg, and $24.5\;kg/m^2 $, respectively. There was no significant difference in general characteristics among three groups. The mean daily intakes of energy and protein were 1740.9 kcal and 69.6 g. The daily folate intake of the smoker was significantly lower than that of the non- smoker or ex-smoker. However, cholesterol intake of the smoker was significantly higher than two groups. The daily total food intake was 1250.0 g for non-smoker, 1180.1 g for smoker, and 1237.5 g for ex-smoker. The mushrooms intake in the smoker was significantly lower than that in the ex - smoker. However, eggs intake of the smoker was significantly higher than two groups. The RBC count and serum GOT/GPT of the subjects were $4598.2\times1000/mm^3$ and 27.3/27.3 U/L. The WBC count, hematocrit and hemoglobin of the smoker were significantly higher than those of the non-smoker and ex-smoker. Blood pressure and serum lipids of the subjects were 128.3/75.5 mmHg for SBP/DBP, 180.2 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 160.8 mg/dL for triglyceride, 41.5 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 106.5 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 for atherogenic index. Especially serum triglyceride of smoker was significantly higher than that of non-smoker. The above results revealed that some nutrient intakes, such as folate and cholesterol, and hematological findings, and serum triglyceride of the smoker were different from non-smoker. However, these differences were recovered to non-smoking status by prohibition of smoking. Therefore, in order to stop smoking, the effect of smoking on nutritional and health status should be informed to smoker and more systematic study should be conducted.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.140-145
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• 2003

The present study was designed to examine whether the fermented extract using the leaves of Pinus densiflora (FPD), has an ameliorative effect on the lipid metabolism in rats with hyperlipidemia. The body weight gain was attenuated by the adminstration of either 1-dose (2 ml/kg/day) or 2-dose (4 ml/kg/day) of FPD for 2 weeks compared with that of control or hyperlipidemia rats, while blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, sGOT, and sGPT were not altered. Serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and athelosclerotic index were partially restored by the administration of 2-dose of FPD in rats with hyperlipidemia without changes of serum HDL-cholesterol, total lipid, and triglyceride concentration. The FPD also partially ameliorated renal functional parameters including plasma cleatinine and creatinine clearance which were attenuated in rats with hyperlipidemia. These results suggest that FPD has an ameliorative effect on the lipid metabolism and renal function in rats with hyperlipidemia.