• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.57-70
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• 1997

Conventional procedures to determine vertical deflections and astronomical coordinates require the stellar observations which be under restraints of clear night-time weather conditions, surrounding environment, long observation time and the use of instruments, etc. Therefore the more effective observation method subjugatting these problems has requested. The objective of this study is to propose method to compute vertical deflections, astronomical coordinates(latitude and longitude), and astronomical azimuth by mixing GPS observation results and orthometric heights. For this study, programmed the program which able to obtain the change in geoid undulation by using the GPS- determined geodetic height difference and the orthometric height difference, and GPS satellite surveying was performed at both ten points of astronomical points and four triangulation points around each astronomical station in South Korea. The Astronomical results determined from GPS observations compared to those determined from both conventional astronomical measurements and the recent earth gravitational Model(EGM96).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine (6 mg/kg) after oral administration of nifedipine with or without atorvastatin (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) in rats, and also was to evaluate to the effect of atorvastatin on the CYP3A4 activity. The 50% inhibiting concentration ($IC_{50}$) values of atorvastatin on CYP3A4 activity is 46.1 ${\mu}M$. Atorvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Coadministration of atorvastatin increased significantly (p<0.05, 2.0 mg/kg) the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration ($C_{max}$) of nifedipine compared to the control group. The relative bioavailability (RB%) of nifedipine was increased from 1.15- to 1.37-fold. Coadministration of atorvastatin did not significantly change the terminal half-life ($T_{1/2}$) and the time to reach the peak concentration ($T_{max}$) of nifedipine. Based on these results, we can make a conclusion that the significant changes of these pharmacokinetic parameters might be due to atorvastatin, which possesses the potency to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme (CYP3A4) in the liver and intestinal mucosa, and also inhibit the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa. It might be suggested that atorvastatin altered disposition of nifedipine by inhibition of both the first-pass metabolism and P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the small intestine of rats. In conclusion, the presence of atorvastatin significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of nifedipine, suggesting that concurrent use of atorvastatin with nifedipine should require close monitoring for potential drug interation.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.13-25
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• 2008

This study analyzed errors of data received from GPS which showed different reception characteristics based on chipset at poor reception area. The digital map made from National Police Agency shows 4% errors of length on the average. The comparison of three different algorithms - Average Spot Speed, Cumulative Travel Length from GPS with Actual Travel Time, Travel Length from Digital Map with Actual Travel Time have been conducted to find significant difference estimating travel time from GPS Data. The algorithm to estimate travel time from travel length and travel time showed the most reliable results from the others.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.267-267
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• 2022

댐 운영에 있어서 필요한 수문자료는 강수량, 수위, 유량, 저수량 자료 등이 있다. 이중 저수량은 주로 댐수위-저수용량 곡선식을 이용하여 계산한다. 댐수위-저수용량 곡선식은 댐 부근에서 계측 되는 한 개의 수위자료를 이용하여 저수용량을 산정하며, 이는 큰 저수지 면적과 저수지 수면이 일정하지 않다는 것을 고려할 때 큰 오차가 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 음향 도플러 유속계 ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) 이용하여 보성강댐 저수지 수면경사를 실측하고, 동시에 실시간 이동측위시스템인 RTK-GPS(Real Time Kinematic)를 이용하여 이를 검증하였다. ADCP는 유수의 흐름을 방해하지 않으면서 수중에 발사된 음파의 도플러 효과를 이용하여 유속, 유량 및 측량이 가능한 장비이며, RTK-GPS의 경우 정밀한 위치정보를 가지고 있는 기준국의 위상에 대한 보정치를 실시간으로 이용하여 오차가 ±0.03m 이하인 것으로 알려졌다. 보성강댐의 하류에서 ADCP와 RTK-GPS를 장착한 보트를 저수지 종방향으로 처음부터 끝까지 이동하여 약 7.5km 종단측량을 실시하였고 저수지 지형적 특성을 고려하여 약 700m마다 횡단측량을 실시하여 종방향뿐만 아니라 횡방향 수면차도 조사하였다. 그 결과 보성강댐의 상류로 갈수록 수면경사가 전체적으로 상승하는 경향을 보였지만 일부구간에서 수위가 하강하는 경우도 발생하였다. 이는 미약하지만 저수지 내에 흐름이 발생하고 이 흐름에 따른 통제가 변화되는 것과 중간에 유입되는 지류의 영향 등으로 구간별로 수면경사 차이가 발생하는 것으로 추정된다. 횡방향 수면차는 지류가 유입되는 일부구간에서 다소 차이를 보였지만 큰 영향을 없는 것으로 판단된다. 보성강댐 저수지 수면을 종방향 및 횡방향으로 실측한 결과 구간별로 차이를 보였으며 최대 EL. 126.60m, 최소 EL. 126.33m 나타났다. 댐 상류 부근의 수면높이 EL. 126.50m와 비교하면 +0.10m, -0.17m 차이를 보였으며 이는 저수량 산정에 큰 오차를 발생시킨다. 효과적인 댐 운영을 위해서는 유입량 및 유출량을 정확하게 산정하는 것도 필요하지만 저수량을 정확하게 파악하는 것 역시 필요하다. 저수량을 정확하게 산정하려면 수킬로미터가 넘는 저수지 크기를 고려하여 수면경사를 실시간으로 계측하는 등의 노력이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.183-190
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• 1993

Determining accurate geoid height is very important because it is the basis of the 3-D coordinate transformation and determination of the orthometric height. In this study, for determining the geoid height, bi-linear method grounded on the interpolation method, GPS leveling and OSU91A was applied to the $5km{\times}5km$ area and $60km{\times}60km$ area in the latitude $N\;36^{\circ}{\sim}37^{\circ}$ and the longitude $E\;127^{\circ}{\sim}128^{\circ}$. The results obtained by these methods were compared with conventional leveling data. In case of bi-linear method, it was dependent upon the shape of interpolation network and undulation of ground. If leveling data are satisfactory, GPS leveling is more proper than any other method. Also, it is 62 cm that an average difference of GPS leveling and OSU91A. As a result, in order to determine more precise geoid height, the development of local geoid model is a pressing problem to be solved. The result of the research will provide reference data for settling the 3-D coordinate transformation, and it is expected that it will also be applied to determination of 3-D position.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1863-1867
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• 2012

Background: Maintenance chemotherapy is one strategy pursued in recent years with intent to break through the chemotherapy plateau for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, given the toxicity, platinum-based combinations are rarely given for this purpose. We carried out the present prospective study of triplet platinum-based combination sequential chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC to investigate if patients could tolerate and benefit from such intensive treatment. Methods: From Dec 2003 to Dec 2007, 190 stage IIIB and IV NSCLC patients in Sun yat-sen University sequentially received the 3 platinum-based combination (TP-NP-GP) treatment (T: paclitaxol175$mg/m^2$ d1; N: vinorelbine25$mg/m^2$ d1 and 8; G: gemcitabine1$g/m^2$ d1 and 8; P: cisplatin20$mg/m^2$ d1-5; repeated every 3 weeks). Patients were followed up to at least 3 years to obtain survival data. Treatment toxicities and the quality of life (QOL) were assessed during the whole treatment. Results: There were 187 patients evaluable. The TP, NP and GP response rates with sequential use were 42.8% (80/187), 41.1% (65/158) and 28.8% (21/73) respectively. Median survival time was 18.2 months and the 1, 2 and 3 year overall survival (OS) rates were 78.7%, 38.5% and 21.3%. Patients receiving > 6 cycles of chemotherapy had significantly longer OS and TTP (MST 25.3 vs. 14.5 months, TTP 15.1 vs. 9.1 months). The QOL on the whole for the patients was improved after chemotherapy. Conclusions: The sequential chemotherapy strategy with triplet platinum-based combination regimens can improve the survival outcome and the quality of life of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.311-314
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• 2007

Paclitaxel (PTX) is an antineoplastic agent approved for the treatment of ovarian and breast carcinomas. However, the use of paclitaxel as an anticancer drug is limited by its extremely poor water solubility (below $0.3\;{\mu}g/mL$). Furthermore, it has very low bioavailability when administered orally because paclitaxel is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump. In this study, buccal delivery of PTX was investigated as one of the alternatives for PTX delivery. Ethanol and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) were selected as permeation enhancing agents to increase solubility and permeation across buccal mucosa of PTX. At the different concentrations of ethanol solution ($30{\sim}70\;w/w\;%$), PTX permeation was studied, followed effects of GMO in the concentration range of $2.5{\sim}25%$ with ethanol vesicle. The transbuccal ability of PTX was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells mounted with rabbit buccal mucosa. As a result, incorporation of PTX into ethanol vesicle with GMO significantly enhanced the PTX permeation in rabbit buccal mucosa. Particularly, the mixtures of ethanol:water:GMO at the ratio of 50:47.5:2.5 showed the most excellent enhancing ability. The results showed a promising possibility for buccal delivery of PTX.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 1989

Genetic and morphometric comparison between two species of the genus Agkistrodon were performed to estimate the degree of genic variation and to clarify the taxonomic status of Cheju population, a suspected hybrid form between A. blomhoffii brevicaudus and A u ussuriensis. A sum of 147 specimens representing six populations of A.b. brevicaudus and two populations of A ussuriensis was used in this study. Out of the 21 loci examined, 5 loci (Adh, Ldh-2, Mdh-2, Mpi, Pgi) were monomorphic with identical mobility in both species. O Other Sioci (Aco, Gp, Fum, [po and Xdh in A b. brevicaudus; Est, Got-l, Gp, Mdh-l and 6Pgd in A ussuriensis) were highly poplymorphic. The degree of genic variation of Ab. b brevicaudus and A ussuriensis was A=1.SS, P=42.1%, HD=0.096, HG=O.l1S, and A= 1.4S, P = 31.6%, HD=0.117, HG =0.121, repectively. These values are twofold higher t than those of other reptilian species reported (Selander, 1976) including Korean species of Rhabdophis tigrina and Elaphe dione (Paik and Yang, 1986, 1987). The average values of t the genetic similarities among six populations of A b. brevicaudus and two populations of A ussuriensis were S=0.919 and S=0.962, respectively, whereas the value between species was S = 0.662. Presumed divergent time estimate (Nei, 1975) of these two species was about 1 1.8 million years ago. The analysis of the geographic variations of various morphological c characters was based on Gloyd’s criteria (Gloyd, 1972). Coloration of tongue and tail tip, t the number of ventral scales, and the number of subcaudal scales are good diagnostic c characters to identify these two species. The pattern of cross band is, however, highly variable within and between populations of both species. No hybrid was detected and the s suspected hybrid form of Cheju population falls within the range of A. ussuriensis in the g genetic and morphometric analyses.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2360-2366
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• 2011

The Unmanned Ground Vehicle is comprised of four systems of obstacle detection: The navigation system, vehicle controlling system, obstacle detecting and an integration system that use the various sensors. The research introduced utilizes 6 lasers to recognize obstacles. The system operates an avoidance system within the unmanned ground vehicle, using six lasers. The Unmanned Ground Vehicle's parallel parking and right angle parking is in development using algorithms. This algorithms' certification is intended to be installed in the encoder, in the GPS. By using the Laser Scannerfor the position's calculation, errors are both reduced and minimized, so the tire's slip minimized to the point where the vehicle had a limit of about 5Km/h.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1986

This paper described the distribution and transmissibility of BLV(bovine leukemia virus), the relationship between antibodies against BLV and lymphocyte count in 313 dairy cattle from 36 herds, the clinical signs and hematological findings of 2 lymphosarcomatous cattle in the northern area of Kyungpook. Eighty three (26.5%) of 313 cattle from 36 herds were positive for BLV antibodies and 19 (52.8%) of 36 herds were infected with BLV by the immunodiffusion test with BLV-gp antigen. The rate of BLV infection in cattle varied from 9.5 to 87.5% in 19 positive herds, it was higher in herds pastured during summer and included lymphosarcomatous onset than the other and also higher with the age. Eight (88.9%) out of 9 cattle which showed persistent lymphocytosis by the hematological test were positive for BLV antibodies. After 5 to 14 months, 13 (31.0%) of 42 cattle being negative for BLV antibodies in the positive herds converted into positive. Two lymphosarcomatous cattle were identified to be EBL (enzootic bovine leukemia) by the clinical sign, hematological examination and serological test.