• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.279-287
• /
• 1997

Clinical studies were done on 80 persons who were treated with the acupuncture theraphy frozen shoulder. The following results are obtained. 1. Distribution of sex: male(28 persons), female (52 persons). 2. Causes of illness: work(40 persons), unknown origin(32 persons). 3. Duration of illness: less than 1 month(28 persons), 1-3 month(22 persons), 3-6 months(20 persons). 4. Distribution of occupational: housewife(30 persons), unemployed(22 persons), farmer(16 persons). 5. Distribution according to number of times of treatment rate: 3 weeks(32 persons), 2 weeks(14 persons), 4weeks(10 persons). 6. The classification of abduction disturbance before treatment were Gl group 14 persons, GII group 46 persons, GIII group 20 persons. After treatment were GI group 41 persons, GII group 30 persons, GIII group 9 persons. 7. The classification of HBST disturbance before treatment were GI group 10 persons, GII group 51 persons, GIII group 19 persons. After treatment were GI group 39 persons, GII group 28 persons , GIII group 13 persons. 8. The classification of MWT disturbance before treatment were GI group 25 persons, GII group 37 persons, GIII group 18 persons. After treatment were GI group 44 persons, GII group 25 persons, GIII group 11 persons.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 1995

Two forms of glucoamylase (GI and GII) from starch-grown Lipomyces kononenkoae CBS 5608 mutant were purified to apparent homogeneity by means of ultrafiltration, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration and DEAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography. The apparent molecular weight was calculated as ca. 150 kDa for GI and ca. 128 kDa for GII, respectively. Both enzymes were glycoproteins with isoelectric points of 5.6 (GI) and 5.4 (GII). They had a pH optimun of 4.5 and were stable from pH 5 to 8. The temperature optimum for both enzymes was $60^{\circ}C$, but they were rapidly inactivated above $70^{\circ}C$. The $K_m$ values toward starch were estimated to be 6.57 mg per ml for GI and 4.52 mg per ml for GII, and the $V_{max}$ values were 16.28 ${\mu}M$ per mg for GI and 32.25 ${\mu}M$ per mg for GII, respectively. The $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values of GII for ${\alpha}-$ or ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ were estimated to be 0.15 mg per ml and 2.0 mg per ml, respectively ($K_m$) and 1.02 ${\mu}M$ per mg or 1.02 ${\mu}M$ per mg, respectively ($V_{max}$). Neither enzyme exhibited pullulanase activity but they released only glucose from starch or cyclodextrin. Amino acid analysis indicated that both glucoamylases were enriched in proline and acid amino acids. Glucoamylase GII strongly cross-reacted with a monoclonal antibody raised against GI enzymes, and the two enzymes shared very similar amino acid composition. Western blot analysis indicated that L. kononenkoae CBS 5608 mutant produced two forms of glucoamylase on starch, and that synthesis of them was subject to glucose repression.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
• /
• 1998.05a
• /
• pp.16-16
• /
• 1998

기술혁신과 제도변혁의 와중에서 미국을 위시하여 우리나라, 일본, EU, 싱가포르등 세계 각국들은 경쟁적으로 2010년까지 초고속정보망을 구축할 것을 계획하고 있다. 더나아가서 미국 정부는 세계적인 초고속정보망 (Global Information Infrastructure: GII)을 구축하는 것을 계획하고 있다. GII 추진을 주도하고 있는 미국을 영상, 소프트웨어, 방송, 게임 등의 각종 멀티미디어 서비스의 절대적 경쟁력을 미국에서 뿐만 아니라 GII를 통해 세계시장으로 확대, 보호하겠다는 전략적 의미를 갖고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 미국의 GII 추진전략에 대응하여 일본은 AII 라는 아시아판 초고속통신망 구축과 개방화를 제안하였으며, 우리나라 정부는 APII라는 이름으로 아시아, 태평양지역 국가들을 대상으로 하는 초고속통신기반을 구축할 것을 제시하였다. 한국의 APII전략은 아시아, 태평양 지역 중심으로 한국의 국가적 위상을 제고하는 한편 우리나라 기업의 국제진출을 위한 전진기지로서의 활용측면에서 유효하다는 의미로서 제시하였다. 그러나, 우리나라가 제시한 APII의 청사진은 세계 정보통신시장을 중심으로 볼 때 경쟁력을 갖고 있는 정보통신부분이 반도체이외에는 전무하다는 측면에서 잘못하면 APII라는 전략은 미국이나 일본의 정보통신망 구축에 이용당할 가능성이 높은 무의미한 전략적 의미를 갖고 있는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 미국이 구축하고자 하는 GII체제와 병행하여 우리나라 정보통신산업을 육성, 발전시키기 위한 대응전략이 어떤 방향으로 전개되어야 할 것인지를 제시하기 위하여 GII가 갖고 있는 전략적 의미를 산업조직측면에서 살펴보고자 하였다. GII구축으로 인하여 세계의 정보통신 대기업은 초대기업으로 성장할 수 있는 기회이지만 중소기업 역시 대기업으로 성장할 수 있는 기회이다. 따라서 우리나라 정부는 정보통신산업정책을 초고속망 구축위주인 대기업 중심체제에서 중소기업이 참여 가능한 통신기기산업이나 멀티미디어 산업으로의 유인전환을 촉진할 필요가 있다. 다음으로 GII 구축에 따라 정보통신기업의 전략적 제휴 내지 합병이 활발히 촉진되고 있는 상황을 감안하여 볼 때 국내의 통신산업 역시 전략적 제휴 내지 합병이 가능할 수 있도록 정부규제를 완화할 필요가 있다. 그리고 정보통신서비스업체 역시 나름대로 독과점 산업인 통신기기업체내지 소프트웨어 산업으로의 진출이 가능할 수 있도록 상호진출을 허용할 필요가 있다고 본다. 이를 위해서 우리 나라 정부 역시 미국처럼 새로운 통신개혁법을 만들 필요가 있다. 새로운 통신개혁법의 핵심적인 사항으로서 첫째, 통신과 CATV간의 상호진입을 허용, 둘째, 통신사업자가 통신관련 기기산업에 참여할 수 있는 규제완화를 허용, 셋째, 유아단계에 있는 소프트웨어 및 컨테트산업을 육성하는데 산업육성책 수립 등을 적극적으로 추진하여야 할 것이다. 그리고 현재 국내 재벌기업들로 구성되어 있는 기반산업을 지원하는 기술개발 지원체제와 육성정책을 소프트웨어 및 컨텐트의 응용산업으로 개편할 필요성도 제시되며, 이를 위해 범부처 차원에서 소프트웨어 및 컨텐트 육성정책을 지원하는 종합적인 대책을 마련해야 한다고 본다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2016

This paper explains concepts and methods of indexes measuring gender gaps. There are mainly 4 indexs, GDI, GEM, GII and GGI. UNDP developed GDI, GEM and GII. WEF developed GGI. Each index has its own strengths and weak points. Therefore it is important to understand each index in detail. For Korea, as men and women have been developed equally in areas of education and health, the GDI score was in a high group. However, the GEM and GGI scores were low. This implies that in order to reduce gender gaps, it is necessary to expand gender equality policies empowering economic and political empowerment.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
• /
• v.11 no.2 s.40
• /
• pp.119-139
• /
• 1996

최근의 정보통신표준화 환경은 민간활동에 의한 사실상 표준의 신속한 제정 등 많은 변화를 보이고 있다. 또 GII개념이 등장하면서 각 국가가 경쟁적으로 추진하고 있는 초고속정보통신기반의 구축은 정책적인 관점에서 논의되고 있다. 여기에서는 이와 같은 정보통신환경의 변화에 대응하여, 일본의 전기통신표준화기구인 TTC가 대응하고 있는 방법과 GII에 대한 표준화활동 제안을 분석하고자 한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.556-562
• /
• 2014

The occurrence of human norovirus (NoV) genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) strains was investigated in Korea. Between 2007 and 2010, 265 samples were collected from 89 Korean water source locations. NoV GI was detected in 4.5% and NoV GII in 1.5%. Samples collected in winter had the highest occurrence; 9.4% for NoV GI and 6.3% for NoV GII. NoV GI detection was highest in groundwater, with the next highest in river water and the lowest in lake water (5.9%, 5.4%, and 1.6%, respectively), and NoV GII was found only in river water. When three representative Korean basin systems (Han (H)-, Geum/Seom (G/S)-, and Nakdong (N)-river basins) were compared, both NoV genogroups were high in the G/S-, but absent in the H- river basin. The most prevalent genotypes within the GI and GII groups were GI.5 and GII.4, respectively. The NoVs found in surface water were identical to those found in patients and those found in groundwater. The NoVs appeared to be transmitted from the patient to the surface water, and then to the groundwater, suggesting a fecal-oral route of transmission. This is the first nationwide surveillance of NoV in major Korean water sources.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 2018

Norovirus infection is a leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks. New variants of GII.4 have emerged approximately every 2~3 years and have caused norovirus gastroenteritis pandemics globally. In this study, analysis and molecular genetic characteristics of the norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks 2,917 samples in Gyeonggi-Do from 2014 to 2015. As a result, 247 samples out of 2,917 samples are positive for norovirus. Norovirus molecular genetic characteristics of the GI 8 types (GI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 14), GII 10 types (GII - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17). Genome sequences of isolated noroviruses were similar to those of new GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 variants with 96.6 identity, suggesting that these viruses were imported from overseas. 44% of virus incidence was originated from school meal service. Therefore, a continuous monitoring and school sanitation should be required for preventing a massive virus outbreak.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.255-268
• /
• 2011

For detection of noroviruses (NVs), we compared various PCR primer sets based on reverse transcription nested PCR (RT-nested PCR) in the water samples from Dong brook in Busan, South Korea. We designed various new primer sets based on the most conserved sequences of the capsid protein gene that react with diverse NVs found in Korea. Designed primer sets (KG1F/KG1R and KG2F/KG2R, named as PNK) for the respective genogroups of NVs, genogroup I and II (GI and GII), were applied to detect NVs in the water samples from Dong brook concentrated with ultracentrifugation. In the application to the water samples, proportion of GI (76.47%) and GII (70.59%) in water samples of Dong brook in RT-nested PCR with the primer sets of this study. However, no significant differences of the proportion of the positive samples were not found between RT-nested PCRs with reported and newly designed primer sets. From the nucleotide sequencing, GI and GII of NVs present in Dong brook were appeared to be the members of 1/2/4/5/9/10 genotypes, and 3/4/5/11/13 genotypes respectively. Appeared genotype 4 of GII known as an one of main genotype found in patients of many Asian countries warned us to consider the risks of norovirus in aquatic environments in southern part of Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.27 no.11
• /
• pp.2019-2027
• /
• 2017

Recently, cabbage kimchi has occasionally been associated with the foodborne diseases of enteric viruses such as human norovirus (HuNoV). This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between microbial/physicochemical properties and persistence of HuNoV in experimentally contaminated cabbage kimchi fermented and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ or $10^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Changes in organic acid content, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acidity, pH, and salinity were analyzed. The recovery of structurally intact HuNoV was examined for up to 28 days post-inoculation, using a NoV GII.4 monoclonal antibody-conjugated immuno-magnetic separation method combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. On day 0, LAB loads were $4.70log_{10}$ colony forming units/g and HuNoV GII.4 titers were $2.57log_{10}\;genomic\;copies/{\mu}l$, at both temperatures. After 28 days, intact HuNoV titers decreased to 1.58 ($4^{\circ}C$) and $1.04(10^{\circ}C)log_{10}\;genomic\;copies/{\mu}l$, whereas the LAB density increased. This correlated with a gradual increase in lactic acid and acetic acid at both temperatures. Our findings support a statistical correlation between changes in physicochemical properties and the recovery of structurally intact HuNoV GII.4. Moreover, we determined that the production of organic acid and low pH could affect HuNoV GII.4 titers in cabbage kimchi during fermentation. However, HuNoV GII.4 was not completely eliminated by microbial/physicochemical factors during fermentation, although HuNoV GII.4 was reduced. Based on this, we speculate that the persistence of HuNoV GII.4 may be affected by the continually changing conditions during kimchi fermentation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.317-322
• /
• 2019

Gastroenteritis with diarrhea is one of the most infectious diseases in the world following respiratory infections. Notably, diarrhea-causing viruses (DVs) cause more than 70% of such cases. In this study, 3,065 stool specimens from patients with diarrhea (median age, 1.1 years; range, 0.0-91.1 years), who were admitted to the DanKook University Hospital, were examined using multiplex reverse transcription PCR (mRT-PCR). The target viruses were astrovirus (AstV), enteric adenovirus (EAdV), group A rotavirus (RotV), norovirus GI (NoV-GI), and norovirus GII (NoV-GII). The mRT-PCR results were analyzed based on various factors such as seasonality, age, presence of co-infection, and analyzed trends. The detection rate of the DVs during the study period was found to be 30.8% (n = 943/3,065). When the detection rate was analyzed monthly, the DV detection rate was found to be highest between December to January. Of the detected DVs, NoV-GII was the most common, accounting for 45.5% of the detected viruses (n = 446/980). Notably, 86.5% (n = 848/980) of the pathogens were detected in individuals who were less than 5 years of age. During the study period, NoV-GII and RotV showed alternating trends. In addition, both the number and rate of co-infections increased.