• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this report is to examine the effect of $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and LIl ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture for cerebral apoplexy treatment. Methods : I designed to investigate whether $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture affects cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), mean arterial blood pressure(MABP)] in normal rats, and to make manifest whether $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture is mediated by cyclooxygenase or guanylate cyclase. The changes of rCBF and MABP were determinated by laser-doppler flowmetry(LDF). Results : 1. $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and LI1 ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture increased rCBF significantly, but decreased MABP. These results suggest that $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture increased significantly rCBF by dilating pial arterial diameter(PAD). 2. By pretreatment with indomethacin(1 mg/kg, i.p.), the effect of $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture induced increase of rCBF was significantly inhibited, the decreased MABP by treatment with $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture was increased. 3. By pretreatment with methylene blue($10{\mu}/kg$, i.p.), the increased rCBF by treatment with $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture was decreased conversely, the decreased MABP by treatment with $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{43}$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture was decreased. and then increased. Conclusion : I suggest that $BL_{66}$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_43$ supplement and $LI_1$ ${\cdot}$ $GB_{44}$ draining in acupuncture has an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1032-1038
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• 2005

Using the 2-channel DROS SQUID (Korea Research Institute of Standards of Science, 1999), the present study was carried out to record changes elicited in the auditory cortex by acupuncture stimulus (right GB43, Xiaxi). Needle-retention and manual needle-twitching stimulation of GB43 and SP1 were done for acquiring the brain activities changed by acupuncture. Acupoint GB43 is known to be effective for the treatment of ear-related disease, such as deafness and tinnitus, and to be suspected to be related to the auditory cortex. Auditory evoked magnetic fields were recorded from the left hemisphere of five or four subjects, in response to contralateral ear stimulation by irregularly spaced 170msec long 1kHz tone busts (Korea Research Institute of Standards of Science). The result as follows The latency and amplitude of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-retention condition on GB43 were 7.2msec and 1.617, respectively, which were slower and larger than those of no-acupuncture condition. The amplitude of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-twitching condition on GB43 was 13.517, which was larger than that of no-acupuncture condition. The change in SP1 following GB43 needle-twitching condition were not observed in latency. The amplitude changed by needle-twitching condition on SP1 was 12.2fT, which was not significant. These results suggested that auditory cortex can be affected by acupuncture stimulus, though not specific or significant because of small number of subjects.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.135-145
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• 2006

Objectives and Methods : Using the 2-channel DROS SQUID (Korea Research Institute of Standards of Science, 1999), the present study was carried out to record changes elicited in the auditory cortex by acupuncture stimulus on right TE5 (Waiguan) and GB43 (Xiaxi). Needle-retention stimulation of TE5 and GB43 were done for acquiring the brain activities changed by acupuncture. Acupoint TE5 and GB43 is known to be effective for the treatment of ear-related disease, such as deafness and tinnitus, and to be suspected to be related to the auditory cortex. Auditory evoked magnetic fields were recorded hem the left hemisphere of five subjects, in response to contralateral ear stimulation by irregularly spaced 170 msec long 1kHz tone busts (Korea Research Institute of Standards of Science) Results and Conclusions : The result as follows. The latency and amplitude of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-retention condition on TE5 were 4msec and 9.2 fT, respectively, which were slower and smaller than those of no-acupuncture condition. The latency and amplitude of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-retention condition on GB43 were 7.2 msec and 1.6 fT, respectively, which were slower and larger than those of no-acupuncture condition. The latency of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-retention condition on GB43 condition was slower than that of TE5 acupuncture condition.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.231-237
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study is assistant to medical treatment for patient who suffers from headache, by immediate effects of GB43, LI1. Methods : The degree of pain was measured by visual analogue scale(VAS) after GB43, LI1 needling. Results : 15 cases of immediate effects of GB43, LI1 for headache have some common points. 1. The pain of headache was induced by internal cause. 2. The pain of headache was in chronic process. 3. The patients has chronic functional dyspepsia and psychological factors. Conclusion : We can expect immediate effects by GB43, LI1 needling for headache, which have some common points.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-145
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• 2005

We demonstrated 5.12-Tb/s($l28 ch \times 43 Gb/s$) WDM transmission over 200 km of medium dispersion fiber. The spectral efficiency was 0.8-(bits/s)/Hz. After transmission, the average Q-factor was measured to be 15.2 dB.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.117-135
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• 2008

Objectives: It is known that the vestibular imbalance leads to vestibular symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, vertigo and postural disturbance. Since the non-labyrinthine inputs from the limbs and viscera converge on the vestibular nucleus neurons receiving signal from peripheral vestibular endorgan, acupuncture to the periphery may influence the activities of vestibular nuclear neurons and produce a therapeutic effect on the vestibulacr symptoms. The present study was to examine a modification and characteristics of the static and dynamic activities of medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons following electroacupuncture (EA) of GB43' acupoint. Methods: In 54 Sprague-Dawley adult male rats weighing 250${\sim}$300g, spontaneous firing discharges and dynamic responses induced by sinusoidal whole body rotation about vertical axis at 0.2 Hz were observed in MVN of rats during EA of GB43' acupoint, located between the left 4th and 5th toe, which is the territory of sural and peroneal nerves, with 0.2 ms, 40 Hz and 600${\pm}$200 ${\mu}A$. Results: EA of the left GB43' acupoint induced modifications of spontaneous firing rates in 45% of MVN neurons recorded, and the percentage of modified neurons was 44% in type I, 52% in type II and 46% in non-type neurons. The excitatory or inhibitory responses of spontaneous firing discharges were predominant in the ipsilateral MVN neurons during EA. The excitatory response was abolished after EA but the inhibitory response was prolonged after EA in the ipsilateral MVN. The neurons of MVN showing modified spontaneous firing discharges by EA showed lower frequency (${\geq}$10 spikes/sec) of mean spontaneous firing rates than non affected ones. Conclusion: These results suggest that the neuronal activities of MVN neurons were influenced by EA of GB43' acupoint and the effects of EA may be related to the convergence of the peripheral vestibular inputs and ascending somatosensory inputs on MVN.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.27-42
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• 2009

Objectives : The vestibular system detects head movement and serve to regulate and maintain the equilibrium and orientation of the body. It is known that the vestibular imbalance leads to vestibular symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, vertigo and postural disturbance. The objectives of the present study were to examine a modification of the dynamic activities of medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons following electroacupuncture (EA) of GB43 (Hyepgye). Methods : In Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $250{\sim}300g$, dynamic responses induced by sinusoidal whole body rotation about vertical axis at 0.2 Hz were observed in MVN of rats during EA of GB43 (Hyepgye) with 0.2 ms, 40 Hz and $600{\pm}200{\mu}A$. Also, expression of cFos protein was observed 2 hours after EA for 30 mins. Results : In dynamic response of vestibular neuron, the excitatory or inhibitory responses of gain were predominant in the ipsilateral MVN neurons during EA but not predominant in the contralateral MVN. Most neurons showing decreased gain were classified to inhibitory responses of spontaneous firing discharge during EA and ones showing increased gain were classified to excitatory response of spontaneous firing discharge during EA. Also, EA of the left GB43 (Hyepgye) for 30 mins produced the expression of cFos protein in MVN, inferior olive (IO) and solitary tract nuclei (SOL). Spatial expressions of cFos protein were predominant in the contralateral MVN, ipsilateral IO and bilateral SOL. Conclusion : These results suggest that the excitability of MVN neurons was influenced by EA of GB43 (Hyepgye) and EA may be related to the convergence on MVN.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.7 s.349
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

A 5Gb/s cross coupled transimpedance amplifier (TIA) & limiting amp(LA), regulated cascode(RGC) is realized in a 0.18$\mu$m CMOS technology for optical printed circuit board applications. The optical receiver demonstrates $92.8db{\Omega}$ transimpedance and limiting amplifier gain, 5Gb/s bandwidth for 0.5pF photodiode capacitance, and 9.74mW power dissipation from 1.8V, 2.4V supply. Input stage impedance is $50{\Omega}$. The circuit was implemented on an optical PCB, and the 5Gb/s data output signal was measured with a good data eye opening.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

최근 높은 대역폭을 요구하는 다양한 IP 멀티미디어 애플리케이션이 증가하면서 10G 이더넷 서비스가 폭넓게 이용되고 있으나, 이도 가까운 시기에 트래픽의 한계에 이를 것에 대비하여 보다 큰 대역폭을 제공할 수 있는 40G급 이더넷 기술에 관한 표준화 드래프트 1.0 규격이 이더넷은 IEEE 802.3ba에 의해 2008년 9월 완성되었으며 2009년 완료를 목표로 하고 있다. 본 고에서는 표준화 기술이 어떻게 채택되고 있는지를 알아보고, 40G 표준화 이더넷 백플레인 기술 및 등화기 구현방안에 대하여 기술한다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2017

The present study was performed to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of germinated buckwheat (GB) and Sanghwang mushroom mycelium cultured in GB (SGB). Both GB and SGB showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities and significantly increased (p < 0.001) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities; up to 140% increase at concentrations of $16{\mu}L/mL$. Locomotor activity test results from alcohol-SGB and alcohol-GB groups showed improved motor activities over that of the alcohol-water group at 90 min post-administration. Both alcohol-GB and alcohol-SGB groups had significantly reduced (p < 0.001) alcohol ($40.02{\pm}33.38{\mu}g/mL$, $66.01{\pm}22.04{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) and aldehyde ($5.72{\pm}0.47{\mu}g/mL$, $6.72{\pm}1.70{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) concentrations in blood compared to those in the alcohol-water group ($199.75{\pm}33.83{\mu}g/mL$, $50.43{\pm}13.88{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) at 90 min post-administration. Based on cDNA microarray analysis, expressions of ALDH genes ALDH1a7 and ALDH18a1 and cytochrome P450 (CY450) gene CYP4a30b were upregulated in the alcohol-GB and alcohol-SGB groups compared to levels in the control group. Overall, the results suggest that both GB and SGB have hangover relieving effects by reducing blood acetaldehyde levels. The molecular mechanisms may involve ALDH activation and upregulated expression of alcohol metabolism-related genes such as ALDH and CYP450.