• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.178-188
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• 2013

The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present in the female reproductive tract promote sperm capacitation. When bovine sperm were exposed to 10 ${\mu}g/ml$ of one of four GAGs (Chondroitin sulfate, CS; Dermatan sulfate, DS; Hyaluronic acid, HA; Heparin, HP) for 5 h, the total motility (TM), straight-line velocity (VSL), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were higher in the HP- or HA-treated sperm, relative to control and CS- or DS-treated sperm. HP and HA treatments increased the levels of capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperm over time, compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). In addition, sperm exposed to HP or HA for 1 h before IVF exhibited significantly improved fertilizing ability, as assessed by 2 pronucleus (PN) formation and cleavage rates at d 2. Exposure to these GAGs also enhanced in vitro embryo development rates and embryo quality, and increased the ICM and total blastocyst cell numbers at d 8 after IVF (p<0.05). A real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of pluripotency (Oct 4), cell growth (Glut 5), and anti-apoptosis (Bax inhibitor) genes were significantly higher in embryos derived from HA- or HP-treated sperm than in control or other treatment groups, while pro-apoptotic gene expression (caspase-3) was significantly lower in all GAG treatment groups (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that exposure of bovine sperm to HP or HA positively correlates with in vitro fertilizing ability, in vitro embryo developmental potential, and embryonic gene expression.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was conducted to determine whether or not Kangwhaldoche-tang(Qianghuodaozhi-tang) (KDT) aqueous extracts can protect articular cartilage losses on the Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA)-induced rat rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : 520, 260 or 130 mg/kg of KDT were orally administered once a day for 14 days from 14 days after FCA treatments, and 15 mg/kg of dexamethasone was intraperitoneally administered as reference drug in this experiment. Changes on the body weight, knee circumferences, gross arthritis score, inflammatory tissue prostaglandin(PG) $E_2$ levels were monitored with cartilage collagen components and glucosaminoglycans(GAGs) compositions - chondroitin sulphate, heparin sulphate and hyaluronic acid in the present study. Results : As results of FCA treatment, classic rheumatoid arthritis featuring dramatic decreases of the body weights, cartilage collagen and GAGs contents with increases of the knee circumferences, gross arthritis scores and inflammatory tissue $PGE_2$ levels, were demonstrated in the present study. However, these changes from FCA - induced rheumatoid arthritis were clearly inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone and all three different dosages of KDT. Although overall anti-inflammatory effects of KDT 520 mg/kg were lowered than those of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats, KDT 520 mg/kg showed more favorable preserve effects on the cartilage GAGs and KDT 260 mg/kg treated rats showed similar preserve effects as compared with dexamethasone 15 mg/kg in this experiment. Conclusions : The present results supported that over 75 mg/kg of KDT showed favorable anti-arthritic effects on the FCA-induced arthritis mediated by suppression of $PGE_2$, representative inflammatory mediator, and may help improve rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2015

Hunter syndrome(Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS type II) is an X-linked disorder of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) metabolism caused by an iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS2) deficiency. A 24-month-old boy visited the department of pediatrics with the chief compliant of chronic purulent rhinorrhea beginning at age one. He had a history of repeated acute otitis media and chronic rhinitis. On physical examination he had a coarse face, enlarged tongue, distended abdomen, joint stiffness, and Mongolian spots at his first visit. The urine GAGs level was elevated at 66.10 mg/mmolCr (reference range, <11.1) and iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in leukocyte was decreased at 0.21 nmol/mg protein/hr (reference range, 18.7-57). Finally with an IDS gene mutational analysis, recombinant known mutation between intron 7 and distal of exon 3 in IDS2 was detected. Recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase therapy was started without any infusion related reactions. The author highlights the importance of suspecting Hunter syndrome when pediatric patients visit with chronic purulent rhinorrhea which is a common cause of hospital visits for infants and children.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.576-580
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• 1998

When glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-degrating enzymes were measured in normal human stool suspensions, all 5 tested different stools degraded titrable heparin and acharan sulfate. GAG-degrading bacteria were screened from the isolates of human stools. Among them, HJ-15 had the most potent activities of heparinases (GAGs-degrading enzymes). However, HJ-15 produced the enzyme even if in the media without heparin. Acharan sulfate lyase was induced by acharan sulfate and heparin. Heparinase production was also induced by these GAGs. These enzymes, acharan sulfate lyase and heparinase, were produced in exponential and stationary phase of HJ-15 growth, respectively. Optimal pHs of the acharan sulfate lyase and heparinase activities were 7.2 and 7.5 respectively. the biochemical properties of HJ-15 was similar to those of B. stercoris. However, difference from B. stercoris was utilization of raffinose. this HJ-15 also degraded chondroitin sulfates A and C.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2019

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in enzymes that participate in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Left untreated, patients show progressive mental and physical deterioration due to deposition of GAGs in organs. Death often occurs due to cardiac or respiratory failure before patients reach their early twenties. MPS has several oral and dental manifestations. An enlarged head, short neck, and open mouth associated with a large tongue are major characteristics of MPS patients. Dental complications can be severe, including unerupted dentition, dentigerous cyst-like follicles, malocclusions, condylar defects, and gingival hyperplasia. A 21-year-old female patient with MPS was described in this article, with special emphasis on oral manifestations and dental treatment.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.253-260
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• 2021

Organ transplantation is currently the most fundamental treatment for organ failure, but there is a shortage of organ supply compared to those in need. Regenerative medicine has recently developed a decellularization technique that overcomes the limitations of conventional organ transplantation and attempts to reconstruct damaged tissues or organs to their normal state. Several decellularization methods have been suggested. In this experiment, the decellularization methods were used to find effective decellularization methods for humanlike porcine placenta. The optimal conditions for decellular support are low DNA content and high glycos amino glycans (GAGs) and collagen content. In order to satisfy this condition, SDS and Triton X-100 and SDS + Triton X-100 were used as the detergent used for decellularization in this experiment. The contents were compared according to the decellularization time (0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours), and the concentrations of SDS (0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0%) were mixed in 1.0% Triton X-100 to analyze the contents. When decellularized using SDS and Triton X-100, respectively, it was confirmed that the contents of DNA and GAGs were opposite to each other. And decellularization treatment for 24 hours at 0.5% SDS was able to obtain an effective decellular support. If decellularization studies of various detergents can be obtained an effective decellular support, and furthermore, cell culture experiments can confirm the effect on the cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.280-285
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• 2010

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and chitosan have been used as matrix materials to support the dermal part of skin equivalent which is used for both pharmacological and toxicological evaluations of drugs potentially used for dermatological diseases. However, their biological roles of GAGs and chitosan in the skin equivalent are still unknown. In the present study, we evaluated whether GAGs and chitosan directly affect keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) and their transit-amplifying cells (TA cells). Among supporting matrix materials, chitosan significantly increased the number of ${\alpha}6$ $integrin^{high}/CD71^{high}$ human keratinocyte TA cells by 48.5%. In quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis, chitosan significantly increased CD71 and CD200 gene transcription whereas not ${\alpha}6$ integrin. In addition, the level of the gene transcription of both keratin 1 (K1) and K10 in the chitosan-treated human keratinocytes was significantly lower than those of control, suggesting that chitosan inhibit keratinocyte differentiation. We also found that N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) and $\beta$-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (D-glc), two components of chitosan, have no effect on the expression of CD71, K1, and K10, suggesting that each monomer component of chitosan is not enough to regulate the number of epidermal keratinocyte lineage. Conclusively, chitosan increases keratinocyte TA cell population which may contribute to the cellular mass expansion of the epidermal part of a skin equivalent system.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.412-417
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• 2012

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a disorder which is caused by the defect of the lysosomal enzyme that is essentially needed for resolution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Metabolite of GAGs will accumulate in the lysosome of cells and will result in the dysfunction of cells, tissues, and organs. Eventually, patients will manifest both mental retardation and physical disorders. In worst cases, mucopolysaccharidosis can cause premature death. The current clinical types have been classified as MPS from type I to type IX according to the defect of certain enzyme. The dental complications have been reported as delay of eruption, enamel hypoplasia, microdontia, malocclusion, condylar defects, gingival hyperplasia and dentigerous cystlike follicle. This clinical report presents the case of a boy with MPS type II, Hunter Syndrome which has various dental complications.

• CELLMED
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.15.1-15.9
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• 2020

Introduction: Buthūr Labaniyya (Acne vulgaris) is a multifactorial disorder of the pilosebaceous units characterized by non-inflammatory and inflammatory clinical lesions. Several Unani medications have been used for centuries to treat acne. Objectives: Evaluation of safety and efficacy of Tila-i Muhāsā in patients with acne vulgaris Materials and Methods: This clinical study was conducted in patients with acne vulgaris. Patients applied Tila-i Muhāsā or 5% Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) once daily for 6 weeks. Assessment of efficacy was carried out by Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) and Patient Global Assessment (PGA) scores. In addition, overall severity of acne was evaluated on a 5-point Cook's acne grading scale using photographic standards. Assessment of safety was performed through adverse drug reactions, local dermal tolerability, vital signs, and routine laboratory investigations. Results: A total of 60 patients (30 in each group) completed 6 weeks of treatment. The mean percentage reduction in GAGS score at 6 weeks from baseline in Unani group (66.97%) and BPO group (59.09%) was statistically significant (P<0.0001). After 6 weeks of therapy, the mean percentage reduction in PGA score compared to baseline in Unani group (57.44%) and BPO group (50.23%) was statistically significant (P<0.0001). No serious adverse events were reported in both groups; however, mild adverse events occurred more frequently in BPO group (30%) compared to Unani group (10%). Conclusion: Tila-i Muhāsā was found to be effective and safe in the treatment of acne vulgaris. However, further clinical studies with larger sample size and longer duration of therapy need to be conducted.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.11.1-11.8
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• 2019

Background: In the present study, the skin-whitening effects of a marine-sourced mixture that includes a fucoidanrich extract of Undaria pinnatifida (UPEF), a phlorotannin-rich extract of Ecklonia cava (ECE), and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from sea squirt skin were investigated. Methods: The whitening effects of the mixture and its components were evaluated by measuring the inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH)-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Results: Each component alone markedly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase in a dose-dependent manner, and in ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, they inhibited melanin synthesis and were cytotoxic. However, the whitening effects of UPEF, ECE, and GAGs in combination were greater than those of each component alone. A mixture in the ratio of 4:5:1 (UEG-451) showed the strongest activity without cytotoxicity. Further study suggested that UEG-451 inhibits ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by downregulating tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related proteins, such as TRP-1 and TRP-2, via the inhibition of MITF expression. Conclusions: These results suggest that mixing the different components at optimum ratios might be an effective way to improve their bioactivities and reduce toxicity and that UEG-451 possesses strong whitening effects that could be used in the cosmetic industry.