• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.188-195
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• 2000

정상 흰쥐 유선상피세포 및 DMBA로 유도안 흰쥐 유선암세포를 in vitro 상태에서 배양시키며 이들의 성장과 증식에 대한 홍삼 사포닌(조사포닌, 총사포닌, Rbl, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rhl, Rtl2)의 영향을 관찰하였다. 홍삼 사포닌들의 세포 배양중 발생하는 4종의 세포집락의 형태(cobble stone, spindle, honey comb, senescence)에 영향을 미쳤다. 배양한 세포집락에 lucifer yellow용액을 이용하여 SLDT결과 홍삼 사포닌을 첨가하고 배양한 세포군에서 배양 2주째 세포 간극을 통한 세포간 정보전달체계가 양성을 나타내었다. 이것으로 홍삼사포닌이 분화가 덜된 상피 간세포의 분화를 촉진시켜 분화의 지표 중 하나인 세포체포신호전달을 유도한 것으로 사료된다. 그리고 정상 유선 및 유선암 미세절편들을 Matrigel에 배양한 결과 분화의 종 지표인 수종의 다세포구조물이 생성됨을 확인하였는데 정상 조직과 유선암세포로부터 생성된 구조물 ductal, webbed, stellate, squamous colony들of 생성되었는데 유선암세포로부터는 alveloar unit, foamy alveolar nit, squmaous, lobule-ductal, stellate, webbed colony들이 생성되어 다소 상이함을 확인하였다. 그러나 홍삼사포닌을 첨가하여 배양하였을 때 수종의 다세포 구조물 발생 빈도가 변하는 것으로 미루어 보아 홍삼 사포닌이 이들 다세포 구조물의 발생에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. 편평상피암의 전암병소라 일컬어지는 편평상피화생의 경우홍삼 사포닌의 존재 하에 이들의 생성이 억제되고 분화가된 ductal colony들의 수가 증가된 것으로 보아 암예방 효과의 기전을 이해하는데 중요한 단서를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1997

The effect of total saponin fraction of Ginseng injected intrathecally (i.1.) or in- tracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the antinociception induced by D-$Pen^{2,5}$- enkephalin (DPDPE) ad ministered i.c.v. was studied in ICR mice in the present study. The antinociception was assessed by the tail-flick test. Total saponin fraction at doses 0.1 to 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$, which administered i.t. Alone did not affect the latencies of tail-flick threshold, attenuated dose-dependently the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by i.c.v. administered DPDPE (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$). However, total saponin fraction at doses 1 to 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$, which administered i.c.v. Alone did not affect the latencies of the tail-flick response, did not affect i.c.v. administered DPDPE (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$)-induced antinociception. The duration of antagonistic action of total saponin fraction against DPDPE-induced antlnociception was lasted at least for 6 hrs. Various doses of ginsenosides Rd, but not $\Rb_2$, Rc, Rg1, and $\Rb_1$ and Re, injected i.t. Dose-dependently attenuated antinociception induced by DPDPE administered i.c.v. Our results indicate that total saponin fraction injected spinally appears to have antagonistic action against the antinociception induced by supraspinally applied DPDPE. Ginsenoside Rd appears to be responsible for blocking j.c.v. administered DPDPE-induced antinociception. On the other hand, total ginseng fraction, at supraspinal sites, may not have an antagonistic action against the antinociception induced by DPDPE.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권12호
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2016

본 연구는 산양삼의 이용가치를 높이고, 기능성 식품소재 개발을 위하여 산양삼의 이화학적 특성과 추출용매를 달리하여 추출한 각각의 추출물의 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 산양삼의 일반성분은 수분 7.56%, 탄수화물 73.01%, 단백질 12.58%, 지질 1.99%, 회분 5.54%를 나타내었고, 총아미노산 함량은 16.17 mg/100 g이었으며, 그중 필수아미노산은 1.42 mg/100 g을 나타내었다. 총 ginsenoside 함량은 15.98 mg/g을 나타내었고, 그중 major ginsenoside($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$)의 함량은 15.94 mg/g, minor ginsenoside($Rg_3$, $Rh_1$, $Rh_2$) 함량은 0.04 mg/g을 나타내었다. 1 mg/mL 농도로 조정한 증류수를 이용한 산양삼 추출물(KGW), 70% 에탄올을 이용한 산양삼 추출물(KGE)의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과 KGE가 모든 항목에서 가장 높게 활성을 나타냈으며, 각각 8.93 mg/g(총폴리페놀 함량), 3.96 mg/g(총플라보노이드 함량), 57.57%(DPPH 라디칼 소거능), 70.73%(ABTS 라디칼 소거능), 44.12%(아질산염 소거능), 78.05%(SOD 유사활성), $1.08O.D_{700nm}$(환원력), 55.33%(ferrous ion chelating activity)를 나타내었다. 또한, 각각의 산양삼 추출물의 elastase, collagenase 및 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 역시 KGE가 모든 항목에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, 각각 81.96%, 78.96%, 30.96%를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2019

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was processed by drying, steaming, or puffing, and the effects of these processes on the ginsenoside profile were investigated. The main root of 4-year-old raw Korean ginseng was dried to produce white ginseng. Steaming, followed by drying, was employed to produce red or black ginseng. In addition, these three varieties of processed ginseng were puffed using a rotational puffing gun. Puffed ginseng showed significantly higher extraction yields of ginsenosides (49.87-58.60 g solid extract/100 g of sample) and crude saponin content (59.40-63.87 mg saponin/g of dried ginseng) than non-puffed ginseng, respectively. Moreover, puffing effectively transformed the major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) of ginseng into minor ones (F2, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5), comparable to the steaming process effect on the levels of the transformed ginsenosides. However, steaming takes much longer (4 to 36 days) than puffing (less than 30 min) for ginsenoside transformation. Consequently, puffing may be an effective and economical technique for enhancing the extraction yield and levels of minor ginsenosides responsible for the major biological activities of ginseng.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2018

Background: Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is produced through several cycles of steam treatment of raw ginseng, at which point its color turns black. During this process, the original ginsenoside components of raw ginseng (e.g., Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2) are altered, and less-polar ginsenosides are generated (e.g., Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh4). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FBG on wound healing. Methods: The effects of FBG on tube formation and on scratch wound healing were measured using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HaCaT cells, respectively. Protein phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was evaluated via Western blotting. Finally, the wound-healing effects of FBG were assessed using an experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that FBG enhanced the tube formation in HUVECs and migration in HaCaT cells. Western blot analysis revealed that FBG stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HaCaT cells. Moreover, mice treated with $25{\mu}g/mL$ of FBG exhibited faster wound closure than the control mice did in the experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods: The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd, Rk₃, Rh₄, 20 (S)-Rg₃, 20 (R)-Rg₃, Rk₁, Rg₅, salidroside, and so on. Results: G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit-erythroid, and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and amount of G₂/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion: These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2017

This study was investigated the changes of quality stability and physicochemical characteristics of the Korean red ginsengs stored for a long times over 20 years. The Korean red ginsengs were stored for 4 to 22 years in canned packaging with polypropylene film and wooden box at room temperatures. The unusal phenomena such as discoloration and pin hole in packaging were not observed. General bacteria showed the vlaues of below 100 CFU/g, coliform groups and molds were not found in any samples stored for 22 year. Any samples also were not detected in mycotoxins. The contents of moisture, ash and crude saponin were the levels of 10.6~11.1%, 3.8~4.2% and 4.1~4.7% during the whole storage periods, respectively. The contents of maltol, which has been known as characteristic flavour and antioxidant of Korean red ginseng, showed remarkably increasing tendency from 0.10 mg/g for 4 years to 2.53 mg/g for 22 years during the storage. The contents of AFG (arginyl-fructosyl-glucose), arginine and free sugar were slightly decreased. Acidic polysaccharide and ginsenoside were not changed significantly during the storage periods. The contents of acidic polysaccharide and total ginsenosides were the 75.1~76.3 mg/g and 15.1~16.6 mg/g, respectively. The sums of ginsenoside-Rg1,-Rb1 and -Rg3s were the ranges of 9.3~9.9 mg/g and PD (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2,-Rc,-Rd,-Rg3s,-Rg3r)/PT (ginsenoside-Rg1,-Rg2,-Re,-Rf,-Rh1) saponin ratios were the levels of 1.4~1.5. These results suggest that Korean red ginsengs stored for long periods show relatively stable quaility stabilities and not significantly changed the contents of ginsenoside and polysaccharide during the storage up to 22 years.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2009

본 연구는 5 년근의 인삼에서 차광시설의 재배위치에 따른 사포닌의 함량 차이를 검정하였다. 재식 위치별 전행 $(1{\sim}2행)$에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 단위함량은 각각 15.01 mg/g, 21.79 mg/g, 지근은 각각 35.93 mg/g, 43.32 mg/g, 세근은 각각 87.85 mg/g, 105.51 mg/g이었다. 중행 $(3{\sim}5행)$에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 단위함량은 각각 18.73 mg/g, 23.19 mg/g, 지근은 각각 44.92 mg/g, 43.50 mg/g, 세근은 각각 92.97 mg/g, 110.70 mg/g이었다. 후행 $(6{\sim}7행)$에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 단위함량은 각각 21.88 mg/g, 26.68 mg/g, 지근은 각각 38.41 mg/g, 44.89 mg/g, 세근은 각각 101.03 mg/g, 107.06 mg/g이었다. 재배위치에 따른 연풍과 재래종의 주근, 지근 및 세근의 총 사포닌과 주요 사포닌 함량의 차이는 연풍의 주근을 제외하고 모든 부위에서 크지 않았다. PD/PT 비율은 전행 인삼은 중행과 후행에 비하여 낮았으며 뿌리의 부위별로도 차이가 컸다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng, which is widely used in functional foods and as an herbal medicine, has been reported to reduce the proliferation of prostate cancer cells by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the changes in ginsenoside content in ginseng after treatment with a microwave-irradiation thermal process and to verify the anticancer effects of the extracts. To confirm the anticancer effect of microwave-irradiated processed ginseng (MG), it was tested in three human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells). Involvements of apoptosis and autophagy were assessed using Western blotting. Results: After microwave treatment, the content of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in the extracts decreased, whereas the content of ginsenosides 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased. Antiproliferation results for the human cancer cell lines treated with ginseng extracts indicate that PC-3 cells treated with MG showed the highest activity with an half maximal inhibitory concentration of $48{\mu}g/mL$. We also showed that MG suppresses the growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts in athymic nude mice as an in vivo model. This growth suppression by MG is associated with the inductions of cell death and autophagy. Conclusion: Therefore, heat processing by microwave irradiation is a useful method to enhance the anticancer effect of ginseng by increasing the content of ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.