• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.857-864
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• 2005

Purpose : The objectives of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the indices of insulin sensitivity using fasting glucose and insulin level, and the body fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA), and to determine the clinical usefulness of insulin sensitivity indices when obese children were followed up. Methods : In this study, 28 simple obese children and adolescents were included. Anthropometric data including body weight, height, obesity degree(OD), body mass index(BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio were collected and then body fat mass was measured by using BIA and DEXA. For metabolic data, 12 hour fasting serum glucose, insulin and lipid profiles were measured and indices for insulin sensitivity(G/I ratio, $log_{insulin}$, HOMA-IR, $log_{HOMA-IR}$, QUICKI) were calculated. Results : BMI had a higher correlation with insulin sensitivity indices than OD(G/I ratio, -0.463 vs -0.209; $log_{insulin}$, 0.417 vs 0.196; HOMA-IR, 0.301 vs 0.238; $log_{HOMA-IR}$, 0.403 vs 0.198; QUICKI, -0.451 vs -0.224). But OD had a higher correlation with body fat mass measured by BIA and DEXA than BMI(BIA, 0.612 vs 0.316; DEXA, 0.667 vs 0.512). The G/I ratio was correlated with body fat mass in BIA(r=-0.420, P<0.05) and DEXA(r=-0.512, P<0.01), percentage of body fat(percentage of fat) in BIA(r=-0.366, P<0.05) and DEXA(r=-0.449, P<0.01). HOMA-IR was only correlated with body fat mass in DEXA(r=0.341, P<0.05). Conclusion : This study revealed that G/I ratios had a statistically significant correlation with anthropometric obesity indices(OD and BMI) and also had a correlation with both body fat mass and percentage of fat. These results suggest that G/I ratios could be used as useful index when obese children and adolescence are followed up.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2000

The medium for erythritol production by Torula sp. in a 500-ml baffled flask was optimized to be 300 g/I sucrose, 10 g/I yeast extract, 3 g/I $KH_2PO_4$, and 10 mg/I $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O{\;}at{\;}34^{\circ}C$ with initial pH of 5.5. Using this optimal medium, erythritol of 166 g/I was obtained after 140 h of cultivation, corresponding to 55.3% of the erythritol yield from sucrose with a productivity of 1.11 g/I/h. Optimal concentrations of carbbon and nitrogen sources in a fermentor were higher than that in a flask due to the higher oxygen supply of the fermentor. Employing the medium containing 300 g/I or 400 g/I sucrose for the determination of optimal C/N ratio, the C/N ratio was found to be more important than the nitrogen concentration for effective erythritol production, The optimal ratio of yeast extract to sucrose (g/g) was 20. The yield and productivity of erythritol were maximal in the medium containing 400 g/I sucrose and 20 g/I yeast extract. when dissolved oxygen in the culture was increased, the cell mass increased but the erythritol production was manimal in the range of 5 to 10% of dissolved oxygen. Under the optimal the rane of 5 to 10% of dissolved oxygen. Under the optimal culture condition of the fermentor, a final erythritol concentration of 200 gI was obtained after 120 h with a yield of 50% and the productivity was 1.67 g/I/h. The yield was the highest among erythritol-producting microorganisms

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.251-264
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• 1999

본 연구는 조기발병형 치주염의 서로 다른 4가지 표현형에 있어서 Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) 381과 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(Aa) Y4에 대한 상승된 IgG subclass의 양상을 평가하기 위해 시행하였다. Subform I(distinctive localized juvenile periodontitis pattern)에서 3명 subform II(post juvenile periodontitis pattern)에서 19명, subform III (localized but rapidly progressing pattern)에서 15명, subform IV(distinctive rapidly progressing periodontitis pattern)에서 15명의 환자를 조사하여 Pg에 대한 그들의 total IgG level과 각각의 IgG subclass level 및 Aa에 대한 IgG level을 검사했다. Pg에 대한 total IgG level은 subform II와 IV보다 subform I과 III에서 훨씬 높게 나타났다. IgG3 level이 subform I과 IV사이에서 현저한 차이가 있다는 점을 제외하고는, 다른 IgG subclass level에서 subform 사이에 아무런 차이가 없었다. Pg에 대한 IgG subclass는 single class 혹은 다양한 group에서 상승되어 나타났으며, IgG1+2+4가 가장 흔하게 발견되었고, 다음으로 IgG4 단독, IgG2 단독, IgG2+4, IgG2+3+4의 순으로 발견되었다. IgG2와 IgG4가 빈번히 상승되어 발견되었는데, 특히 severe form(subform III & IV)에서 그러했다. 뿐만 아니라, IgG level은 subform II, III, IV와 일치하여 점차적으로 증가하였고, 반면에 IgG1/IgG4 ratio는 그와 일치하여 감소되었다. 이러한 ratio의 감소는 단백질성의 오래된 항원의 과부하로 인해 immunoglobulin gene의 전환을 가능하게 한다는 것을 나타내고 있다. Aa에 대한 IgG2 level은 다른 유형보다 subform I에서 상당히 높았다. Pg에 대한 IgG2 levels이 subform I의 국소 부위에서 발생하는 disease activity와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, Aa의 경우에는 이러한 관련성이 나타나지 않았다. Pg에 대한 IgG2 level은 18-25세에서 훨씬 높은 동시에 26-35세에서는 감소했으며 결국 30대 후반에서는 더 높은 수치로 되돌아갔다. 이러한 결과는 Pg에 대한 IgG2 및 IgG responsiveness (single 혹은 combined)가 EOP의 severe form의 발달에 중요하게 작용하며 IgG2 levels은 IgG1/IgG4 ratio와 더불어 EOP의 localized type이 generalized type으로 계속 진행하는 것을 조절하는 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다는 것을 강하게 시사하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2012

Purpose: Methane production potential in aerobic digestion was assessed according to feed to inoculum (F/I) ratio for food waste only, and mixing ratio of two materials for food waste and swine manure to give a basic data for the design of anaerobic digestion system. Methods: Anaerbic digestion test was performed using a lab scale batch reactor at $35^{\circ}C$ for six different feed to inoculum (F/I) ratios (0.50, 0.72, 1.14, 1.50, 2.14 and 3.41), three food waste to swine manure ratios (100:0, 60:40 and 40:60) with two different loading concentrations (10g VS/L and 30g VS/L). Results: For food waste only, the highest biogas yield of 1008 mL/gVS was obtained at 0.50 of F/I. For the co-digestion of food waste and swine manure mixture, the highest biogas yield of 1148 mL/gVS was obtained at a mixing ratio of 40:60 with loading concentration of 10g VS/L. Conclusions: F/I ratio for the food waste only, mixing ratio of food waste and swine manure, and co-substrate loading rate affected the biogas production rate. For the low loading rate, there was not so much difference according to the mixing ratio of food waste and swine manure, but for the high loading rate higher biogas yield was acquired for the co-digestion of food waste and swine manure than for the food waste alone (mixing ratio, 100:0).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.690-698
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• 1995

The Poly-S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ thin films were deposited on oxidized Si wafer by RTCVD(rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition) using Si $H_4$and Ge $H_4$, at 450 ~5$50^{\circ}C$. The variation of Ge mole fraction and the deposition rate of S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ thin film were studied as a function of the deposition temperature and the Ge $H_4$/Si $H_4$input ratio, and the crystal phase and the surface roughness were studied by XRD and AFM(atomic force microscopy), respectively. The experimental results showed that the activation energy for the deposition of poly-S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ was about 32~37Kca /mol and the deposition rate of S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ thin films was increased with increasing the deposition temperature and the input ratio. From the analysis of composition, it was known that the Ge mole fraction within the poly-S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ thin film was decreased with decreasing the input ratio and increasing the deposition temperature. As-deposited S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ thin films were polycrystalline over the entire experimental range. But those were amorphous at the deposition temperature of 450, 475$^{\circ}C$ and the input ratio of 0.05. By adding the Ge $H_4$, poly-S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ thin film were deposited at relatively lower deposition temperatures($\leq$ 5$50^{\circ}C$) than those of conventional poly-Si(>$600^{\circ}C$). From surface roughness measurement of poly-S $i_{1-x}$G $e_{x}$ it was found that the surface roughness( $R_{i}$ ) increased with increasing the deposition temperature and input ratio.and input ratio.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.322-326
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• 2006

A low iodine diet (LID) for $1{\sim}2$ weeks is recommended for patients who undergoing radioiodine remnant ablation. However, the LID educations for patients are different among centers because there is no concrete recommendation for protocol of LID. In this investigation, we compared two representative types of LID protocols performed in several centers in Korea using urine iodine to creatinine ratio (urine I/Cr). Methods: From 2006, April to June, patients referred to our center for radioiodine remnant ablation of thyroid cancer from several local hospitals which had different LID protocols were included. We divided into two groups, stringent LID for 1week and less stringent LID for 2 weeks, then measured their urine I/Cr ratio with spot urine when patients were admitted to the hospital. Results: Total 27 patients were included in this investigation (M:F=1:26; 13 in one-week stringent LID; 14 in two-week less stringent LID. Average of urine I/Cr ratio was $127.87{\pm}78.52{\mu}g/g$ in stringent LID for 1 week, and $289.75{\pm}188.24{\mu}g/g$ in less stringent LID for 2 weeks. It was significantly lower in stringent LID for 1 week group (p=0.008). The number of patients whose urine I/Cr ratios were below $100{\mu}g/g$ was 6 of 13 in stringent LID for 1 week group, and 3 of 14 in less stringent LID for 2 weeks group. Conclusion: Stringent LID for 1 week resulted in better urinary I/Cr ratio in our investigation compared with the other protocol. However it still resulted in plenty of inadequate range of I/Cr ratio, so more stringent protocol such as stringent LID for 2 weeks is expected more desirable.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.157-163
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• 1997

Based on a n-regular polygon $P_n$, we show that $r_n = 1/(2 \sum^{[(n-4)/4]+1}_{j=0}{cos 2j\pi/n)}$ is the ratio of contractions $f_i(1 \leq i \leq n)$ at each vertex of $P_n$ yielding a symmetric gasket $G_n$ associated with the just-touching I.F.S. $g_n = {f_i $\mid$ 1 \leq i \leq n}$. Moreover we see that for any odd n, the ratio $r_n$ is still valid for just-touching I.F.S $H_n = {f_i \circ R $\mid$ 1 \leq i \leq n}$ yielding another symmetric gasket $H_n$ where R is the $\pi/n$-rotation with respect to the center of $P_n$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.499-506
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• 1996

It has been established that hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Recent data showed that the incidence of hypercholesterolemia increase in Korea. n-3 Fatty acids lower serum triglyceride profoundly but the effect on serum cholesterol is not clear. This study was performed to assess the effects of low and moderate supplementation of marine n-3 fatty fish on serum cholesterol in young healthy korean woman. Nineteen subjects were divided into two groups. Each group receive an experimental diet supplemented with either 100g (group I) or 200g mackeral(Scomber japonicus) fish(group II) for 1-week. The diet was designed to avoid in which the amount of n-6 fatty acids would be much greater than that of n-3 fatty acids. MUFA, SFA intakes were similar in the two diets. The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was 1 : 1.l for group I, 1 : 2.51 for group II. The average daily n-3 fatty acids consumption from fish was 3.87g/day (1.03g EPA, 2.84g DHA)for group I, 7.74g/day (2.06g EPA, 5.68g DHA) for group II. Blood samples were obtained 2 times before experimental diet, immediately after experimental diet for 1-week. After experimental diet for 1-week, the serum total-cholesterol levels decreased significantly (16.4$\pm$15.1mg/dl, p<0.01) in group II and lowered slightly (13.7$\pm$25.8mg/dl)in group I. There were no significant changes from baseline to the end of the study in serum HDL-cholesteol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-C/T-C ratio, and LDC-C/HDL-C ratio. The results suggest that the moderate levels of marine n-3 fatty fish consumption could improve serum cholesterol in normal subjects, therefore in might be of value in the prevention of atherosclerosis. However the clinical usefulness of moderate n-3 fatty fish consumption of hypercholesterolemic subjects will require further study. Also further studies are required to elucidate the long-term effects of low n-3 fatty fish consumtion.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1250-1255
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• 2008

Onchungeum(OCE), a herbal formula, has been used for treatment of anemia, discharging blood and skin diseases. In the previous study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of OCE by G1 arrest of the cell cycle in human hepatocarcinoma cells, Hep3B cells. In this study, it was examined that the difference of anti-proliferative mechanisms by change in the ratio of OCE composition (OCE I) in Hep3B cells. Treatment of OCE I exhibited a relatively strong anti-proliferative activity and caused various morphological changes such as membrane shrinkage and cell floating. In addition, OCE-I arrests the cell cycle at G1 phase, which was associated with the down-regulation of cyclin D1 and Cdk6 expressions. The G1 arrest was also associated with the induction of Cdk inhibitors p27 and p21. Moreover, both p21 and p27 were detected by immunoprecipitation with anti-Cdk4 and anti-Cdk2 antibodies in OCE I-treated cells but in case of OCE, p21 did not make any complexes with Cdk4 and Cdk2. These results suggest that the change in the ratio of OCE composition might induce different mechanisms in anti-cancer efficacy of OCE, which may confer characteristic principles in oriental medical formula.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.149-150
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• 2007

ONO(Oxide-Nitride-Oxide)구조는 기억소자의 전하보유 능력을 향상시키기 위해 도입된 게이트 절연막이다. 본 연구에서는 ELA(Excimer Laser Annealing)방법으로 비정질 실리콘을 결정화 시켜서 그 위에 NVM(Nonvolatile Memory)소자를 만들어 전기적 특성을 측정하여 결과를 나타내었다. 실험 결과 같은 크기의 $V_D$에서 $V_G$를 조절함으로써 $I_D$의 크기를 조절할 수 있었다. $V_G-I_D$ Graph에서는 $I_{on}$과 $I_{off}$, 그리고 Threshold Voltage를 알 수 있었다. $I_{on}/I_{off}$ Ratio는 $10^3-10^4$이다. $V_G-I_D$ Graph에서는 게이트에 인가하는 Bias의 양을 통해서 Threshold Voltage의 크기를 조절할 수 있었다. 이는 Trap되는 Charge의 양을 임의로 조절할 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 이러한 Programming과 Erasing의 특성을 이용하여 기억소자로서의 역할을 수행하게 된다.