• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

Cell therapy applied to wound healing or tissue regeneration presents a revolutionary realm to which principles of gene engineering and delivery may be applied. One promising application is the transplantation of cells into the wounded tissue to help the tissue repair. However, when cells are transplanted from in vitro to in vivo, immune rejection occurs due to the immune response triggered by the activation of T-cell, and the transplanted cells are destroyed by the attack of activated T-cell and lose their function. Immune suppressant such as FK506 is commonly used to suppress immune rejection during transplantation. However, such kind of immune suppressants not only suppresses immune rejection in the periphery of transplanted cells but also suppresses whole immune response system against pathogenic infection. In order to solve this problem, we developed a method to protect the desired cells from immune rejection without impairing whole immune system during cell transplantation. Previously, we reported the success of constructing glomerular epithelial cells for removal of immune complex, in which complement receptor of type 1 (CR1) was over-expressed on the membrane of renal glomerular epithelial cells and could bind immune complex of DNA/anti-DNA-antibody to remove immune complex through phagocy-tosis [1]. Attempting to apply the CR1-expressing cells to cell therapy and evade immune rejection during cell transplantation, we constructed three plasmids containing genes encoding a soluble fusion protein of cytolytic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA4Ig) and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The plasmids were transfected to the above-mentioned glomerular epithelial cells to express both genes simultaneously. Using the clone cells for cell transplantation showed that mice with autoimmune disease prolonged their life significantly as compared with the control mice, and two injections of the cells at the beginning of two weeks resulted in remarkable survivability, whereas it requires half a year and 50 administrations of proteins purified from the same amount of cells to achieve the same effect.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1738-1742
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• 2009

Nanocrystalline Zn$Fe_2O_4$ oxide-semiconductor with spinel structure was synthesized by the polymerized complex (PC) method and investigated for its photocatalytic and photoelectric properties. The observation of a highly pure phase and a lower crystallization temperature in Zn$Fe_2O_4$ made by PC method is in total contrast to that was observed in Zn$Fe_2O_4$ prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction (SSR) method. The band gap of the nanocrystalline Zn$Fe_2O_4$ determined by UV-DRS was 1.90 eV (653 nm). The photocatalytic activity of Zn$Fe_2O_4$ prepared by PC method as investigated by the photo-decomposition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) under visible light (${\geq}$ 420 nm) was much higher than that of the Zn$Fe_2O_4$ prepared by SSR as well as Ti$O_{2-x}N_x$. High photocatalytic activity of Zn$Fe_2O_4$ prepared by PC method was mainly due to its surface area, crystallinity and the dispersity of platinum metal over Zn$Fe_2O_4$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.866-875
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• 2015

COPI vesicles are essential to the retrograde transport of proteins in the early secretory pathway. The COPI coatomer complex consists of seven subunits, termed ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\beta}^{\prime}-$, ${\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-$, ${\varepsilon}-$, and ${\zeta}$-COP, in yeast and mammals. Plant genomes have homologs of these subunits, but the essentiality of their cellular functions has hampered the functional characterization of the subunit genes in plants. Here we have employed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible RNAi of the COPI subunit genes to study the in vivo functions of the COPI coatomer complex in plants. The ${\beta}^{\prime}-$, ${\gamma}-$, and ${\delta}$-COP subunits localized to the Golgi as GFP-fusion proteins and interacted with each other in the Golgi. Silencing of ${\beta}^{\prime}-$, ${\gamma}-$, and ${\delta}$-COP by VIGS resulted in growth arrest and acute plant death in Nicotiana benthamiana, with the affected leaf cells exhibiting morphological markers of programmed cell death. Depletion of the COPI subunits resulted in disruption of the Golgi structure and accumulation of autolysosome-like structures in earlier stages of gene silencing. In tobacco BY-2 cells, DEX-inducible RNAi of ${\beta}^{\prime}$-COP caused aberrant cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Collectively, these results suggest that COPI vesicles are essential to plant growth and survival by maintaining the Golgi apparatus and modulating cell plate formation.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2021

In most countries, public libraries have played a role as a hub of knowledge and information, complex culture of local communities, and a third place for meeting and communication. And recent public libraries are focusing on enhancing their core competencies and expanding services using digital technologies to meet the era of digital transformation and the 4th industrial revolution. However, after the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, all public libraries are repeatedly closed, reopened, and partially closed, and all resources are devoted to providing non-contact, digital and online alternative services, and are expected to continue in the future. As a result, future public libraries are bound to face a trilemma in which digital expandability, complex cultural space, and importance as a place of knowledge and information service are conflicting. This study discoursed on the public library trilemma in the post-COVID-19 era and suggested ways to overcome it. The orientation of the future public library is the fusion and harmony of multiplicity and multipurpose, place and space, knowledge & information and complex culture, face-to-face service and remote service. The main body of a public library is not the finger (digital and non-contact), but the moon (knowledge information center).

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.40
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• pp.26-33
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• 2003

Contemporary architecture has two different movements that one is the utilization of digital technology and the other is the inclination to nature. After deconstructivism in architecture, the tendency of design shows the fusion between digitalism and organicism and as a consequence the phenomena of 'skin expression' has emerged which can be thought as 'organic digitalism' or 'digital organicism'. The definition of skin tendency in environmental design is the design of nature based on the technology. As a result, the surface becomes the design issue compared to structure and the momentum for new aesthetic value. There are post-structuralism, complex system theory and the organic architecture as theoretical background for the tendency of skin expression. Specially the ideas of post-structural philosophy has effected deeply to the formation of its movement and also offered the theoretical nutrition for digital architecture. The characteristics of the skin tendency can be analyzed as topological transformation, smooth continuum, deterritorialization, ecological response system, and tactility. These design characteristics has combined with conventional material and design vocabulary to transform and develope new spatial conception.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

Double tooth is a dental anomaly consequent to fusion of two or more teeth or gemination of a single tooth. This report describes a unique case of double tooth in relation to a mandibular lateral incisor exhibiting the presence of four root canals. The role of conventional radiography and advanced three-dimensional imaging techniques in the better assessment of complex root canal systems and their aid in endodontic management has also been highlighted.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.245-250
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• 2002

A successful on-line monitoring system for conventional machining operations has the potential to reduce cost, guarantee consistency of product quality, improve productivity and provide a safer environment for the operator. In fee-shape machining, typical signs of tool problems such as vibration, noise, chip flow characteristics and visual signs are almost unnoticeable without the use of special equipment. These characteristics increase the importance of automatic monitoring in fine-shape machining; however, sensing and interpretation of signals are more complex. In addition, the shafts of the micro-tools break before the typical extensive cutting edge of the tool gets damaged. In this study, the existence of a relationship between the characteristics of the cutting force and tool usage was investigated, and tool breakage detection algorithm was developed and the fellowing results are obtained. In data analysis, didn't use a relative error compare which mainly used in established experiment and investigated tool breakage detection algorithm in time domain which can detect AE and cutting force signals more effective and accurate.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.505-508
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• 2005

Wavelet scheme can be applied to the various remote sensing problems: conventional multi-resolution image analysis, compression of large image sets, fusion of heterogeneous sensor image and segmentation of features. In this study, we attempted wavelet-based filtering and its analysis. Traditionally, statistical methods and adaptive filter are used to manipulate noises in the image processing procedure. While we tried to filter random noise from optical image and radar image using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DW1) and Stationary Wavelet Transform (SW1) and compared with existing methods such as median filter and adaptive filter. In result, SWT preserved boundaries and reduced noises most effectively. If appropriate thresholds are used, wavelet filtering will be applied to detect road boundaries, buildings, cars and other complex features from high-resolution imagery in an urban environment as well as noise filtering

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.166-171
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• 2007

The characterization of monolithic SiC and SiCf/SiC composite materials fabricated by NITE and RS processes was investigated in conjunction with the detailed analysis of their microstructure and density. The NITE-SiC based materials were fabricated, using a SiC powder with average size of 30 nm. RS- SiCf/SiC composites were fabricated with a complex slurry of C and SiC powder. In the RS process, the average size of starting SiC particle and the blending ratio of C/SiC powder were $0.4\;{\mu}m$ and 0.4, respectively. The reinforcing materials for /SiC composites were BN-SiC coated Hi-Nicalon SiC fiber, unidirectional or plain woven Tyranno SA SiC fiber. The characterization of all materials was examined by the means of SEM, EDS and three point bending test. The density of NITE-SiCf/SiC composite increased with increasing the pressure holding time. RS-SiCf/SiC composites represented a great decrease of flexural strength at the temperature of $1000\;^{\circ}C.$

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1527-1535
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• 2009

Polyphosphate (polyP) plays diverse physiological functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but most of their detailed mechanisms are still obscure. Here, we show that deletion of polyphosphate kinase (PPK), the principal enzyme responsible for synthesis of polyP, resulted in augmented expression of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and rpoS and lowered $H_2O_2$ sensitivity in Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC14028. The binding of cAMP-CRP complex to rpoS promoter and further stimulation of its transcription were proved through electrophoretic mobility shift assay, lacZ fusion, and exogenous cAMP addition, respectively. The rpoS expression increased in cpdA (cAMP phosphodiesterase coding gene) mutant, further suggesting that cAMP-CRP upregulated rpoS expression. These results demonstrate that PPK affects oxidative stress response by modulating crp and rpoS expression in S. Typhimurium.