• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.360-365
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• 2006

Objective : This is a cadaver study to assess the accuracy of three cervical screw insertion techniques; the blind technique [Group I], the laminotomy technique [Group II], and the funnel technique [Group III]. Methods : Ten human cadavers embalmed with formaldehyde were prepared. After exposing the spinous processes, the laminas and the lateral masses, titanium alloy transpedicular screws were inserted from C3 to C7. A total of 100 pedicles were ramdomly assigned to one of three techniques [the blind technique : 31 screws, the laminotomy technique : 51 screws, the funnel technique: 18 screws]. Axial computed tomography with 1-mm slices, and sagittal and coronal reformation were performed to identify the accuracy of the screw insertion and the anatomic relationships. Results : In Group I, 9 screws [29%] were either contained within or penetrated less than 1mm, which were rated as successful. In Group II, 24 screws [47%] were successful. In Group III, 16 screws [89%] were successful. In the multiple comparison, there was a statistically significant difference between Groups I and III and between Groups II and III [$X^2$ test and Bonfenoni test]. Conclusion : The funnel technique can help a surgeon's understanding about the cervical pedicle more precisely than the other two techniques. The funnel technique is less dependent on lateral soft tissue retraction state.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.806-811
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• 2000

Background : The authors have modified the method of Ravitch technique. Material and Method ; This technique was applied to 6 patients out of 18 patients who underwent corrective surgery from May 1987 to July 1999. The technique is quite different from that of Ravitch. We did not divide the intercostal muscle bundles from the laterals of sternum and the Akin's struts were placed retrosternally crossing the chest horizontally to prevent flail motion during immediate post-operative period and retraction of the sternum afterwards. Anterior sternal osteotomy instead of the posterior one was performed for the latest 3 cases which made operative procedure more simple and easy. The struts were removed one year later. Result : Compared to the hospital stay of the patients who received standard Ravitch method that of the six cases who received our modification was definitely shortened from 13.1 days to 8.3 days(p<0.0000). Flail motion was not noted in any patient and chest wall stability was obtained more easily with this technique. Conclusion : Our modification is recommendable for correction of funnel chest in regards to shorter operation time better chest wall stability shorter hospital stay and less complication.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.837-843
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• 1992

The most common deformity of the sternum is the depression deformity, variously calid pectus Excavatum, funnel chest, schwusterbrust, trichterburst, thorax en entonnoir. During the period 1983 to 1991 a total of 15 cases of funnel chest were treated surgically at Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital. The age at the time of operation ranged from 4 to 26 years 73.3 percent of the patients were under 12 years of age They all had symptoms of feeling Inferiority about chest deformity. The concavity on the funnel chest varied in its Extent, and the severity, which was measured by water volume filled into it, varied from 45ml to 100ml. We have Experienced 15 cases of pectus Exc-avatum with several operative method, i.e., Ravitch operation in 2 cases, Taguchi operation in 3 cases[using by Both IMA], Adkins operation in 5 cases, Modified wada operation [sternal costal cartilage Elevation Technique] in 5 cases. After surgery, follow up vertebral Index showed 44%, preoperatively and 29% postoperatively, average decrement of 15%. We Reported 15 cases of funnel chest and the surgical results of thease cases were satisfactory Except one case of Ravitch operation.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

A 10" carbon nanotube field emission display device was fabricated with a novel structure with a hopping electron spacer (HES) by screen printing technique. HES plays a role of preventing the broadening of electron beams emitted from carbon nanotubes without electrical discharge during operation. The structure of the novel tetrode is composed of carbon nanotube emitters on a cathode electrode, a gate electrode, an extracting electrode coated on the top side of a HES, and an anode. HES contains funnel-shaped holes of which the inner surfaces are coated with MgO. Electrons extracted through the gate are collected inside the funnel-shaped holes. They hop along the hole surface to the top extracting electrode. In this study the effects of the addition of HES on emission characteristics of field emission display were investigated. An active ozone treatment for the complete removal of residues of organic binders in the emitter devices was applied to the field emission display panel as a post-treatment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.640-647
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• 2017

The need for an efficient sampling technique to collect aquatic organisms has risen with the increase of interest in rice paddy fields, which have been recognized as important ecosystems supporting biodiversity. In the present study, a submerged funnel trap used with the assistance of attracting agents (fish meal and chemical light) was designed as an easy, objective and quantitative tool for collecting aquatic organisms in the rice paddy fields. The preference for collecting aquatic organisms as a means for attracting agents was analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. Also, based on the data of previous research, we compared the community composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrates, which were collected using the quadrat method, and newly designed submerged funnel traps, by analyzing non-metric multidimensional scaling. The results showed that the catching efficiency of 18 of the total 65 taxa was affected by the attracting agents. 12 taxa including Pomacea canaliculata, Hippeutis cantori, Austropeplea ollula, Erpobdella lineata, Ostracoda spp. Branchinella kugenumaensis, Hydaticus grammicus, Rhantus pulverosus, Chironomidae spp., Rana nigromaculata, Cobitidae spp. etc., favored fish meal and 6 taxa including Ischnura asiatica, Coenagrionidae spp. Sternolophus rufipes etc., were attracted by chemical light. The submerged funnel trap used as a measurement tool for biodiversity was less applicable than the quadrat method; however, it was more effective for the selective collection of specific taxa. We expect that this newly designed trap can be a simple and quantitative method for collecting aquatic organisms, and could be used for long term and extensive surveys in rice paddy fields in the future.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.729-736
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• 2011

The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is regarded as a classical method of multiple attribute decision making (MADM), often used to solve various decision-making or selection problems. It is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from the positive ideal solution and the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution. The TOPSIS can be applied to a design process for carrying out multi-objective shape optimization wherein the best and worst alternatives are to be decided. In this paper, multi-objective shape optimization using the TOPSIS and Rational Bezier curve was applied to the funnel of a cathode-ray tube (CRT). In order to minimize the weight and first principal stress, a new multi-objective shape optimization methodology is proposed, wherein the relative-closeness coefficients of the TOPSIS are defined as the performance indices of a multi-objective function and evaluated by response surface models. This methodology enables the designer to decide on the best solution from a number of design specification groups by examining the various conflicts between the weight and the first principal stress.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the settlement of lightweight coarse aggregate of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) after placement of concrete on its final position. To investigate this issue, sixteen samples of concrete mixes were made. The water to cementitious materials ratios of the mixes were 0.35 and 0.4. In addition to the workability tests of self-compacting concrete (SCC) such as slump flow, V-funnel and L-box tests, a laboratory experiment was made to examine the segregation of lightweight coarse aggregate in concrete. Because of the difficulties of this test, the image processing technique of MATLAB software was used to check the segregation above too. Moreover, the fuzzy logic technique of MATLAB software was utilized to improve the clarity of the borders between the coarse aggregate and the paste of the mixtures. At the end, the results of segregation tests and software analyses are given and the accuracy of the software analyses is evaluated. It is worth noting that the minimum and maximum differences between the results of laboratory tests and software analyses were 1.2% and 9.19% respectively. It means, the results of image processing technique looks exact enough for estimating the segregation of lightweight coarse aggregate in SCLC.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2017

The striped fruit fly, Bactrocera scutellata, infests pumpkin flowers. Males are attracted to raspberry ketone (RK) and feed the attractant. This study was conducted to determine essential techniques to develop a male annihilation technique (MAT) of this insect pest. Effective attractants were screened in laboratory and field conditions. Both males and females were responsive to methyl eugenol (ME) in laboratory, though no flies were attracted to ME traps in field conditions. In contrast, cuelure (CL), which is a chemical derivative of RK, was effective to attract males of B. scutellata in both laboratory and field conditions. However, RK was equivalent or superior to CL when they were formulated in a form of wax dispenser. A pyrethroid insecticide along with the attractant was effective to attract and kill B. scutellata. Funnel trap was useful for MAT to confirm and count dead flies. These results indicate that MAT against B. scutellata consists of RK and bifenthrin in a wax type formulation, which is installed to a funnel type of trap. These essential factors would be useful to develop MAT applicable to control B. scutellata in fields.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 1987

In order to investigate the distribution and density of root-knot nematodes in economic crops, samples were collected from 3,226 fields of 18 economic crops. Nematodes were extracted using a modified Baermann's funnel technique. Identification of races was based on the differential host-test for Meloidogyne spp. by Tayler and Sasser. M. hapla was dominant in fields in the middle parts of Korean peninsula; M. incognita, in the southern parts, and distribution of M. javanica was limited to Jeju island and southern seaside areas. Two races of M. arenaria identified in this study were races 1 and 2. The three races identified in M. incognita were races, 1, 2 and 3. Of these races, race 1 of M. arenaria and race 3 of M. icognita were identified for the first time in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to validate the suitability of an digital image analysis (DIA) method to measure the degree of saturation in the unsaturated conditions. This study was carried out on the Joo-Mun-Jin standard sand. A one-dimensional sand column test was used in the constant water level condition to get the correlation equation between the color number ($C_n$) and the measured degree of saturation (5). In addition, the hanging wale. column technique to determine the soil-water charactenstic curve (SWCC) was performed in a Buchner funnel. The average degree of saturation ($S_{ave}$) in the SWCC could be obtained by substituting average color number at each suction head value with the $C_n\;-\;S$ correlation equation. Comparisons were made between the measured results by the hanging water column test and those obtained from DIA method. Results showed that the DIA method tested here provided fairly good saturation distribution values in the drying and wetting processes.