• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.823-833
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• 1995

The purposes of this review are that 1) what is the the concept of motor control, 2) what is the content of motor control assessment, and 3) which instruments or scales are used in clinical setting. Motor control is defined broadly the control of both movement and posture. And motor control focuses on understanding the control of movement already acquired. The purposes of assessment are screening, placement to apprpriate treatment program, program plan, evaluation, and progress assessment for individuals. The content of motor control assessment is included not only fexibility, tone, reflex & reaction, muscle strength, movement pattern, balance, gait, and functional ability, but also cognition, arousal, sensation, and perception. There ars many kinds of instruments or scales for assessing motor ability. Most of materials are tested the validity and reliability. But Korea has not own instrument for assessing motor ability. Therefore, Korea needs to develop the assessing tools for motor ability.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.459-466
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of robot-assisted therapy on the motor and functional recovery of the lower limbs in 53 subacute stroke patients. Robot-assisted therapy was performed using Lokomat? (Hocoma AG, Zurich, Switzerland) for thirty minutes per day, five times a week for four weeks. The outcome measures used were the Fugl-Meyer assessment, Motricity index(MI), Functional ambulation category(FAC), Berg balance scale(BBS) for gait function and balance ability, 10m walking test, K-Modified Barthel Index(K-MBI) for the activities of daily living and Mini mental state examination (MMSE), and Beck's depression inventory(BDI) for depression. All patients recruited underwent these evaluations before and after the four week robot-assisted therapy. For the evaluation, the somatosensory evoked potentials were used to assess the functional recovery. Robot-assisted therapy on the lower limb after subacute stroke showed improvement in motor strength, gait function, and the activities of daily living. All changes in terms of MI, FAC, BBS, and K-MBI exhibited a statistically significant difference after the four weeks robot-assisted therapy. The somatosensory evoked potential result showed a correlation with the MI and K-MBI. Robot-assisted therapy is believed to facilitate the motor and functional recovery of the lower limb in subacute stroke patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2015

This study aimed to determine the effects of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) using music and a metronome on the gait of stroke patients. 13 female and 15 male volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups: namely a group to receive RAS using music and a metronome group (the experimental group; $n_1=14$) and a group to receive RAS using a metronome only (the control group; $n_2=14$). The affected side was the left side in 15 subjects and the right side in 13 subjects. The mean age of the subjects was 56.6 years, and the mean onset duration of stroke was 8.6 months. Intervention was applied for 30 minutes per session, once a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. To measure the patients' gait improvement, we measured gait velocity, cadence, stride length, double limb support using GAITRite, body center sway angle using an accelerometer, and Timed Up-and-Go test. Functional Gait Assessment were conducted before and after the experiment. The paired t-test was used for comparisons before and after the interventions in each group. Analysis of covariance was used for comparisons between the groups after the interventions. Statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Within each of the two groups, significant differences in all of the dependent variables before and after the experiment (p<.05) were observed. However, in the comparison between the two groups, the experimental group showed more significant improvements in all dependent variables than the control group (p<.05). Our results also suggest that in applying RAS in stroke patients, the combination of music and a metronome is more effective than using a metronome alone in improving patients' gait.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2016

Objective: Hip abductors play a role in providing stability and movement to the lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hip abductor fatigue on static balance and gait in the general population. Design: One group pre-test post-test design. Methods: Thirteen university students in their twenties volunteered for the study and had underwent a functional assessment. To induce fatigue, the subjects were instructed to raise their dominant lower extremity up against a load of 50% of 1 repetition maximum while producing hip abduction in a side-lying position. Subjects were instructed to maintain an abduction speed of 30 repetitions per minute to induce fatigue. Muscle fatigue was considered to be established when subjects were unable to perform hip abduction three consecutive times along with the metronome. A post-test of balance and gait was performed immediately in order to prevent fatigue recovery. The center of pressure (COP) distance area was measured using the Zebris FDM-S Multifunction Force measuring plate. Gait performance was analyzed using the GAITRite. Results: The COP distance was increased after fatigue was induced. There was a significant increase in the standard deviation of the medio-lateral and antero-posteror distance (p<0.05). Although there was no significant difference in gait parameters, there was a significant decrease in single support time after fatigue was induced (p<0.05). Conclusions: There was an increase in static balance instability and a significant decrease in single support time during gait due to hip abductor muscle fatigue.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) pattern exercise using sprinter and skater on balance and gait in the stroke patients. Methods: Twenty-two subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=11) and the control group (n=11). The experimental group performed PNF pattern exercise using sprinter and skater for 15 minutes with conventional physical therapy for 35 minutes (matt and gait training for 15 minutes + FES stimulation for 20 minutes), while the control group performed only conventional physical therapy for 50 minutes (matt and gait training for 30 minutes + FES stimulation for 20 minutes). Both groups performed therapeutic interventions for five days per week, for a period of four weeks. Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used for assessment of balance, and Timed-Up and Go test (TUG) was used for testing of gait. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in the FRT and the BBS, while the control group did not show significant changes in two measurements. The experimental group also showed significant improvements, however, the control group did not show significant changes in the TUG. In post-values of three measurements, significant differences were observed between the two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that PNF pattern exercise using sprinter and skater may be used to improve balance and gait function in stroke patients. Thus, we suggested that PNF pattern exercise using sprinter and skater would be a therapeutic intervention in stroke rehabilitation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.541-548
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Side walking training on the balance (Functional Gait Assessment; FGA, Timed Up & Go Test; TUG) and gait (10 meter Walking Test; 10 mWT) of stroke patients. 28 stroke patients were randomly allocated to an experimental group(side walking Training) and control group(forward walking training) of 14 patients each. both groups received rehabilitative physical therapy for during 4 weeks. The experimental group was asked to participate in Side walking training for 20 minutes per day 3 times per week during 4 weeks. The control group was asked to participate in forward walking training for 20 minutes per day 3 times per week during 4 weeks. There were significantly increase by side walking training in outcome of the balance from the FGA was increase from 16.86 score to 18.64 score(p<.05), TUG was decrease from 26.03 sec to 22.43 sec(p<.05) and 10 mWT was decrease from 21.90 sec to 19.10 sec(p<.05), Therefore side walking training is to promote balance and gait in stroke patients will be able to offer useful training.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to compare kinesio tapping with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to single intervention in chronic stroke patients. 29 stroke patients were divided into taping group (n = 10), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group (n = 10), and taping with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group (combined group n = 9). The intervention period was 5 times (30min) per week for 4 weeks. Timed Up & Go (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used for balance evaluation. Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) and 10-meter walk test were used for gait evaluation. The quality of life evaluation was performed using the EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D). There were significant improvements in TUG, BBS, FGA, 10-meter walk test, and EQ-5D in all three groups (p <.05). In the comparison of the intervention effects between the three groups, the combined group showed a significant increase in FGA compared to the other two groups. This study showed that taping with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is more effective for FGA than single methods. However, there was no difference between the three groups except for FGA. Therefore, more subjects and intervention period will be needed in future studies.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of a Elastic Theraband Exercise Based of PNF L/E pattern on the gait of the chronic Hemiplegic Patients. Methods : We selected the 20 chronic Hemiplegic Patients not given treatment now and divided them into two groups of both 10 Elastic Theraband group and 10 Self Exercise. The first group went through a Elastic Theraband Exercise Based of PNF L/E pattern 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for 6 weeks. Exercise used to blue elastic band which 2 patterns of PNF by 1) hip extension - abduction - internal rotation with knee extension. 2) hip flexion - adduction - external rotation with knee flexion. The latter group experienced Self Exercise, 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for 6 weeks. Firstly, we measured the absolute improvement of gait velocity(m/s), cadence(steps/min) among walking characters. Secondly, we measured the functional walking ability such as Functional Ambulatory Category(FAC, score out of 5), Modified Motor Assesment Scale(MMAS, score out of 6). Data analysis was performed with using SPSS 12.0 win program. The descriptive analysis was used to obtain average and standard deviation. The independent t-test and the paired t-test were used to compare both the groups about pre and post training test. Treatment effects were established by pre and post assessment. Subjects tolerated the training well without side-effects. Therefore, the results of this study were as follows; Results : 1. There was a more significant improvement of Gait velocity(0.12m/s) Elastic Theraband group(p<.05). 2. There was a more significant improvement of cadence(9.40steps/min) Elastic Theraband group(p<.05). Conclusion : As we can see from above, the findings suggest that Elastic Theraband may be more effective than the Self Exercise for improving some gait parameters such as Gait velocity and Cadency. This conclusion also suggest that Elstic Theraband is more effective for the improvement of gait of chronic Hemiplegic Patients.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.889-895
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• 2007

Quantifying dynamic stability is important to assessment of falling risk or functional recovery for leg injured people. Human locomotion is complex and known to exhibit nonlinear dynamical behaviors. The purpose of this study is to quantify major joints of the body using chaos analysis during walking. Time series of the chaotic signals show how gait patterns change over time. The gait experiments were carried out for ten young males walking on a motorized treadmill. Joint motions were captured using eight video cameras, and then three dimensional kinematics of the neck and the upper and lower extremities were computed by KWON 3D motion analysis software. The correlation dimension and the largest Lyapunov exponent were calculated from the time series to quantify stabilities of the joints. This study presents a data set of nonlinear dynamic characteristics for eleven joints engaged in normal level walking.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

Background: This study was to examine the effect of applying leg exercise using visual informations on improving stroke patient's muscle power, balance and gait. Methods: The subjects of this study were hemiplegic patients by stroke, 30 patients were picked up, who were agreed with this research and were having hospital care for 8 weeks at RS, RB and HH medical centers. The study group was 15 and comparison group was 15, totally 30 patients were confirmed. leg exercise using visual informations was applied to study group, leg exercise without visual informations was applied to comparison group. These were proceeded for 8 weeks (5 days a week, 20 minutes a day), change of muscle power, balance and gait was checked to investigate the effect. Electromyography apparatus was used for checking muscle power, K-BBS (Korean version of Berg Balance Scale) and COP (center of pressure) were used for balance, then Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), timed up and go test (TUG) were used for checking the capacity of gait. Results: Vastus lateralis (p=.002), biceps femoris (p=.000), K-BBS (p=.000), COP (p=.007), FGA (p=.002), TUG (p=.009) are significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: This study showed that visual informations impact change of muscle activity, balance and locomotor ability in stroke patients.