• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.574-581
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• 2008

Objective : Functional dyspepsia is a common disease impeding subjective quality of life. The present study aimed to analyze syndrome differentiation of functional dyspepsia to help with development of oriental therapeutics. Methods : Sixty-eight subjects diagnosed with functional dyspepsia were analyzed and classified into one of five syndrome differentiations. We compared symptomatic characteristics according to the Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI), such as severity, kinds of dyspepsia-related complaints and functional dyspepsia quality of life (QOL) among groups. Results : Patients with disharmony between liver and stomach were most prevalent (52.9%), but no patients with complex of fever and cold. The scores of symptom severity and QOL were not significantly different between groups. Each group had a specified pattern of complaints. Conclusions : Clinical-study based analysis of functional dyspepsia constructed by this study, could be useful in objectively developing Oriental medicines for this disease.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권7호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2021

Tetranectin (TN), an adipogenic serum protein, enhances adipocyte differentiation, however, its functional mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the adipogenic function of TN by using medium containing TN-depleted fetal bovine serum (TN-del-FBS) and recombinant mouse TN (mTN). The adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was significantly enhanced by mTN supplementation essentially at differentiation induction, which indicated a potential role of the protein in the early differentiation phase. The adipogenic effect of mTN was more significant with insulin in the differentiation induction cocktail, implicating their close functional relationship. mTN enhanced not only the proliferation of growing cells, but also mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) that is a prerequisite for adipocyte differentiation in the early phase. Consistently, mTN increased the phosphorylation of ERK in the early phase of adipocyte differentiation. Results of this study demonstrate that the adipogenic function of mTN is mediated by enhancing MCE via ERK signaling.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.592-596
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• 1994

The interaction between fibronectin (FN) and its receptors controls cell attachment and migration, two crucial events during monocyte development and differentiation. To investigate the functional role of FN and its receptor, we have studied adhesion of monocyte to two different regions of FN (38- and 85-kDa domain), as well as the expression of the integrin during monocle differentiation. Anti-integrin Rl subunit antibody completely blocked the attachment of FN-coated latex beads to macrophage, but the effect of anti-integrin u4 antibody was much less significant. Rat monocyte expressed integrin $u4\beta1$ predominantly, while macrophage expressed $\alpha5\beta1$ as analyzed tv flow cvtometer and western blot. From these results, it can be suggested that these two integrins plan different roles during monocyte differentiation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

Murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are widely used to study erythroid differentiation thanks to their ability to terminally differentiate in vitro in response to chemical induction. At the molecular level, not much is known of their terminal differentiation apart from activation of adult-type globin gene expression. We examined changes in gene expression during the terminal differentiation of these cells using microarray-based technology. We identified 180 genes whose expression changed significantly during differentiation. The microarray data were analyzed by hierarchical and k-means clustering and confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. We identified several genes including H1f0, Bnip3, Mgl2, ST7L, and Cbll1 that could be useful markers for erythropoiesis. These genetic markers should be a valuable resource both as potential regulators in functional studies of erythroid differentiation, and as straightforward cell type markers.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2023

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (ZJM), a traditional folk medicine and functional food in South Korea and China, has been reported to having pharmacological activities against anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, and anti-obesity. However, the effect of ZJM related to myoblast differentiation has not been known. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of ZJM on myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. ZJM promotes myogenic differentiation and elevates the formation of multinucleated myotube compared to the control group. ZJM significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of MyHC1, myogenin and MyoD in dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, ZJM significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of protein degradation markers, atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, in dose- and time-dependent manner. Taken together, our data suggest that ZJM is a potential functional candidate for muscle growth and strength by promoting myogenic differentiation.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.582-587
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• 2013

Adipocyte differentiation is a complex developmental process forming adipocytes from various precursor cells. The murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line has been most frequently used in the studies of adipocyte differentiation. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes includes a medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) with hormonal induction. In this study, we observed that differentiation medium containing adult bovine serum (ABS) instead of FBS did not support differentiation of preadipocytes. Impaired adipocyte differentiation was due to the presence of a serum protein factor in ABS that suppresses differentiation of preadipocytes. Using a proteomic analysis, alpha-2-macroglobulin and paraoxonase/arylesterase 1, which were previously shown to suppress differentiation of preadipocytes, were identified as anti-adipogenic proteins. Although their functional mechanisms have not yet been elucidated, the anti-adipogenic effects of these proteins are discussed.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2016년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.122.2-122.2
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• 2016

Surface topographical cues has been highlighted to control the fate of neural stem cells (NSCs). Herein we developed a hierarchically patterned substrate (HPS) platform for regulating NSC differentiation. The HPS induced cytoskeleton alignment and highly activated focal adhesion in hNSCs as indicated by enhanced expression of focal adhesion proteins such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and vinculin. hNSCs cultured on HPS exhibited enhanced neuronal differentiation compared to flat group. We also developed a graphene oxide (GO)-based hierarchically patterned substrates (GPS) that promote focal adhesion formation and neuronal differentiation of hNSCs. Enhanced focal adhesion and differentiation of hNSCs on the HPS was reversed by blocking the ${\beta}1$ integrin binding and mechanotransduction-associated signals including Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which may suggest a potential mechanism of beneficial effects of HPS. In addition, hNSCs on the HPS differentiated into functional neurons exhibiting sodium currents and action potentials as confirmed by whole cell patch-clamping analysis. The hierarchical topography can direct differentiation of NSCs towards functional neurons, and therefore would be an important element for the design of functional biomaterials for neural tissue regeneration applications.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.117-127
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• 2002

Objective: This study was to investigate the generation of the functional neuron derived from human embryonic stem (hES, MB03) cells on in vitro neural cell differentiation system. Methods: For neural progenitor cell formation derived from hES cells, we produced embryoid bodies (EB: for 5 days, without mitogen) from hES cells and then neurospheres (for $7{\sim}10$ days, 20 ng/ml of bFGF added N2 medium) from EB. And then finally for the differentiation into mature neuron, neural progenitor cells were cultured in i) N2 medium only (without bFGF), ii) N2 supplemented with 20 ng/ml platelet derived growth factor-bb (PDGF-bb) or iii) N2 supplemented with 5 ng/ml brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 2 weeks. Identification of neural cell differentiation was carried out by immunocytochemistry using $\beta_{III}$-tubulin (1:250), MAP-2 (1:100) and GFAP (1:500). Also, generation of functional neuron was identified using anti-glutamate (Sigma, 1:1000), anti-GABA (Sigma, 1:1000), anti-serotonin (Sigma, 1:1000) and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (Sigma, 1:1000). Results: In vitro neural cell differentiation, neurotrophic factors (PDGF and BDNF) treated cell groups were high expressed MAP-2 and GFAP than non-treated cell group. The highest expression pattern of MAP-2 and $\beta_{III}$-tubulin was indicated in BDNF treated group. Also, in the presence of PDGF-bb or BDNF, most of the neural cells derived from hES cells were differentiated into glutamate and GABA neuron in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that there were a few serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuron in the same culture environment. Conclusion: This results suggested that the generation of functional neuron derived from hES cells was increased by addition of neurotrophic factors such as PDGF-bb or BDNF in b-FGF induced neural cell differentiation system and especially glutamate and GABA neurons were mainly produced in the system.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2015

This study classifies the types of spatio-functional differentiation in Korean island areas and analyses typical characters and suggests the development directions by each type. Eup/Myeon-level island areas are classified as six types by the factor analysis and the cluster analysis. First type is the traditional rural center. This type puts emphasis on maintaining phase as the central space and has to maximize development potential of the whole of settlement zone. Second type is the specialized region in manufacturing industry and the qualitative mutual growth of regional industries is able to be suggested. Third type is the specialized region in the neighborhood service provision. This type needs to devise the plan for utilizing potential customers actively and developing into the region specialized in tourism industry. Fourth type is the specialized region in tourism-support service functions. This type has to promote differentiated policies for maintaining amenity infra or value of countryside capital and preservation and utilization of resources by regional features. Fifth type is the fishing industry-dominated region. This type has to promote sustainable fishery development through the policy reflecting regional features and condition. Finally, sixth type is the sluggish region dominated with the traditional agriculture and fishery. This type is needed to aim at developing into the new food production base having the advantage of clean environment by strengthening support in specialized agro-fishery products. The existing researches on spatio-functional differentiation were mostly discussed with respect to land development, but this study highlights the difference in deal with the island areas distinguished from the condition of industry.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

Much policy attention has been directed to the concentration of patients in large hospitals, especially in tertiary care hospitals. In order to address the problem, the government has enforced referral requirement for accessing care in tertiary care hospitals by denying insurance benefits to the patients who do not observe the requirement. This approach somehow has failed to produce expected effects although it still exists in theory. The concentration of patients in a certain type of providers results in the distortion of functional differentiation among various types of providers and vice versa. Thus the approaches for the alleviation of the problem should be directed to both patients and providers. However, policy approaches has so far focused on ways of directly affecting patients' choice of a provider neglecting the effects of providers. Based upon the observation, this paper has reviewed selected issues that should be considered in agenda setting for policies concerned with the concentration of patients in large hospitals or the distortion of functional differentiation among health care providers. A brief discussion of each of the issues suggests three general guidelines for the formulation and implementation of policies intended to address the problem. First, attention should be directed to both patients and providers. Secondly, it is necessary to employ diverse measures including regulation, incentives and administrative supports. Thirdly, some of the approaches should be planned from a long range perspective, for it often takes a long time to change some aspects of health care utilization and provision.