• 산업공학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.211-225
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• 1998

As mentioned in Part I all groupware products have been categorized into three areas which include cooperation/document management systems(CMS), collaborative writing systems(CWS), and decision-making/meeting system(DMS). This study deals with a comparative analysis of the last two areas, which is added to the first. It turns out that DMS has a higher market share than CWS. However. since effective collaboration requires the functions inherent to these two systems. they should be integrated somehow. The systems' functions that have been implemented in response to design issues have been described. Each group of the functions has been divided into three parts which consist of basic function, quasi-basic function. and others. Such a decision has been made according to the frequency rate of the functions provided in the products. While the basic functions in CWS include collaboraive writing beyond restriction of time and place, group awareness. version control. and others, in DMS realtime collaboration. brainstorming. presentation. various task support. policy formation. document management, multimedia, subgroup communication. topic commenter, categorizer, screen capture and various rile transfer. The basic functions are merged into the integrated functional model which was proposed in Part I. Since the model is so flexible that it can partially include the quasi-functions in addition to the hasic functions. a large number of products may stem from the modification of the functional model.

• 농촌계획
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find out the time-dependent change of central functions in the depopulated rural areas. Three county areas were selected for the case study ; Haenam(as a remote flat area), Goksung(as an intermediate mountainous area), and Hwasun(as a peri-urban area). For each district area administered by each county, service facilities stock was surveyed at both the present('02) and the past('89 or '94)time, and its functional index checked. From the study results, table-tennis rooms, oil shops and inns were ascertained to be disappeared now in the absolute or real terms, while beer halls, restaurants and bakeries to be sharply increased. Generally, in spite of the substantial depopulation in the past decade, service facilities stock has been increased in and concentrated to the highest order center of rural area (county office seated district). However, where this center leans to the outer side of its county area and to the opposite direction against the regional center, the dependent level of service function on the highest center have decreased.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2017

Background and Purpose Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) is a well-known and commonly used measure of creativity. However, the TTCT-induced creative hemodynamic brain activity is rarely revealed. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the neural correlates of creative thinking in the setting of a modified version of the figural TTCT adapted for an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. Methods We designed a blocked fMRI experiment. Twenty-five participants (11 males, 14 females, mean age $19.9{\pm}1.8$) were asked to complete the partially presented line drawing of the figural TTCT (creative drawing imagery; creative). As a control condition, subjects were asked to keep tracking the line on the screen (line tracking; control). Results Compared to the control condition, creative condition revealed greater activation in the distributed and bilateral brain regions including the left anterior cingulate, bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions as shown in the previous creativity studies. Conclusions The present revealed the neural basis underlying the figural TTCT using fMRI, providing an evidence of brain areas encompassing the figural TTCT. Considering the significance of a creativity test for dementia patients, the neural correlates of TTCT elucidated by this study may be valuable to evaluate the brain function of patients in the clinical field.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2005

If remodeling is defined as activities that restore the overall function of a building up to the standards currently demanded rather than as a simple replacement or repair of old facilities and equipment, the main task of remodeling should be the reduction in differences between areas, establishment of a functional linkage between departments and setup of a smooth circulation system. Therefore, this study is an analysis of remodeling strategies and construction processes to resolve major tasks of remodeling. Through this research we acquire concluding remarks. 1) The remodeling strategies of equipment-intensive areas can be divided into two measures: utilizing the existing buildings (the main buildings) the most, and of concentrated relocation in the new buildings. The former method is advantageous in that the main building serves as a center in hospital layouts because concentrated placement of the diagnosis/ treatment area and the supply area benefit the overall operation in terms of functions. However, the measure has limits in that it is difficult to install the facilities and equipment of the new demands due to the low ceilings, which serve as a potential challenge in future growth and changes. 2) The latter measure is the one in which equipment-intensive areas and the areas that are absolutely short of space are first placed in the new buildings while other areas (the outpatient area, the administration area and the miscellaneous areas) are in the existing building (main building). Given the possibility of development In the future, concentrated placement in the new buildings can be said to be more effective order to actively address future growth and changes.

• 농촌계획
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2019

This study is to identify the factors affecting commuting time and modes in urban and rural areas using household traffic survey data. The findings indicated that commuting time using passenger car in rural areas was 1.6 times longer than those in urban areas. When citizen use public transportation, however, there was not much difference in commuting time in urban and rural areas. Among the various factors affecting commuting time in rural areas (13 factors have statistical significance), the most influential factors were that public transportation, managers and office workers, functional and device managers, and passenger car. In urban areas, the highly influential factors were public transportation and walking among the 16 affecting factors which have statistical significance. The commuting time in rural areas increased according to the occupation types, but the commuting time of full-time workers decreased. This phenomenom means that occupation groups with the full-time system prefer residential areas in the densely populated town.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1999

목적 : 언어기능의 지도화(language mapping) 및 우세반구 결정에 있어서 기능적 자기공명영상의 유용서을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 자원자 10명(남자 6명, 여자 4명, 오른손잡이 7명, 왼손잡이 3명)을 대상으로 단어생성 과제(명사만들기, 동사만들기)와 판단과제를 이용하여 언어영역의 활성화를 유도하였다. 1.5T 초진도 자기공명영상장치에서 EPI로 BOLD 기법을 이용하여 기능적 영상을 얻었으며, 여앙후처리는 SPM 분석 프로그램을 이용하였다. 기능적 영상은 2번의 활성기와 3번의 휴식기를 번갈아 시행하였고 스캔 시간은 각각30초였으며 총 영상획득시간은 162초였다. 유의수준 p<0.001을 기준ㅇ로 자극 과제에 따라 활성화된 뇌영역을 분석하였고 반구별로 활성화된 화소의 수를 측정하여 편재화지수(lateralization index)를 구하였다. 결과 : 왼손잡이 1명을 제외한 9명에서 성공적으로 기능적 영상을 얻었으며 양측 전운동영역(premotor area), 하전두회, 두정엽, 중측두회 등의 여러 영역에서 활성화 신호가 나타났다. 오른손잡이의 경우 편재화지수는 평균 0,64(0.16~1)로 모두 좌측으로 편재화 되었다. 과제별로는 동사만들기 과제가 명사만들기 및 판단 과제에 비해 언어 영역의 활성화가 많았고 편재화지수의 값도 높았다. 결론 : 기능적 자기공명영상은 언어영역의 뇌기능지도화 및 우세반구 결저에 있어서 유용한 검사 방법이 될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2003

정상 성인을 대상으로 언어생성과제의 시각적 지시과제와 청각적 지시과제에 대한 기능적 MR영상들을 비교하고자 하였다. 6명의 정상 성인을 대상으로 자기공명영상기기를 이용하였다 시각적, 청각적 언어 지시과제는 명사의 언어를 이용하여. 휴지기. 확성기를 각각 6번 구성하였다. 뇌의 활성영역의 휴지기와 확성기의 신호변화에 따른 데이터는 MRDx 프로그램으로 처리하였고 cross correlation 방법으로 통계 처리하였다. 시각적, 청각적 지시과제의 분석방법은 lateralization index 공식으로 뇌 반구의 활성화 voxel의 총합과 좌$.$우 반구의 픽셀 수를 구하였고, 지시 과제에 대한 활성화 영역을 “Area of Activation Cells” 값에 따라 4등급으로 분류하여 비교 분석하였다. 시간적 청각적 지시과제에서 Broca, Wernicke 영역 등에서 크기는 다르지만 모두 활성화가 관찰되었다. lateralization index에서 뇌반구의 활성화 값에 차이는 시각적 지시과제에 비해 청각적 지시과제가 높은 활성화 값을 보였다. 그러므로 언어영역에 대한 뇌의 기능적 영상을 얻는데 두 방법 모두 유용하다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2004

Objective : Physiological evidence regarding acupuncture's effect in human patients is not yet well established, despite considerable evidence for its therapeutic efficacy. Besides target or disease specificity of acupuncture, acupuncture analgesia (AA) appears to be another large subclass that poses many questions, such as whether there is point specificity with respect to which acupoint is most effective for a particular condition. Methods : We observed brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a set of stimuli that consist of pain, pain following Meridian acupuncture, and pain following Sham acupuncture. Results : Among the new observations, the most interesting fact is that data sets of both Meridian acupuncture and Sham acupuncture show decreased activation of the same brain areas related to the pain processing signals. Present functional MRI study demonstrate two important biological observations that could elucidate AA mechanism in human participants: the effects of acupuncture occur through mediation of the higher brain areas. Sham acupuncture stimulation appears to be almost as effective as traditional Meridian acupoint stimulation, suggesting that acupuncture is not entirely point specific. Decreased activation in the limbic paleo cortical areas appears to be the probable neurological manifestation of AA and strongly implies that acupuncture stimulation inhibits the transmission of ascending pain signals to the higher cortical areas by the previously known descending pain inhibitory circuit. Conclusion : We, therefore, a hypothesized that this pain inhibitory circuit is initiated and mediated via the broad sense Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (BS HPA) axis in conjunction to the "sensory stimulation."

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.272-275
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• 2010

'금영'은 국립식량과학원 상주출장소에서 2009년에 육성한 조생 고품질 고식미 품종으로 주요 특성과 수량성을 요악하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출수기는 보통기 보비재배에서 평균 7월 29일로 오대벼 보다 1일 빠른 조생종이다. 2. 간장, 수장 및 수당립수가 오대벼와 비슷하며 등숙률이 높고 현미 천립중이 가벼운 중소립종이다. 3. 위조 현상이 없고 성숙기 하엽 노화가 늦으며 불시 출수가 오대벼보다 적게 나타나나 수발아는 오대벼보다 약간 잘되는 편이며 내냉성은 오대벼와 비슷하다. 4. 잎도열병에 저항성이나 기타 내병충성은 약하다. 5. 쌀의 외관 품위가 맑고 투명하며 밥맛이 오대벼보다 우수하고 도정 특성이 오대벼보다 좋다. 6. 수량성은 보통기 보비 재배에서 5.53 MT/ha이고, 만기 재배에서는 5.04 MT/ha으로 오대벼와 금오벼에 비하여 각각 5%와 4% 증수되었다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.607-618
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• 2019

현대 과학기술의 발전으로 인해 함수 형태의 자료(functional data)는 기상학, 생물의학과 다양한 분야에서 발생하고 있으며 이러한 자료를 분석하는 것은 새롭고 흥미로운 통계과제라 할 수 있다. 스칼라 반응변수를 가진 함수형 선형회귀 모형(functional linear regression models with scalar response)은 널리 사용되는 함수형 자료 분석기법 중의 하나라 할 수 있고 이 회귀 모형에서 함수형 자료 (설명변수) 가 스칼라 반응변수에 영향력을 미치는지 검정하는 것은 중요한 문제라 할 수 있다. 최근, Kong 등은 함수형 주성분분석(functional principle component analysis)에 의한 차원 축소, 즉, 함수형 주성분분석 결과 얻어지는 고유함수(eigenfunctions)를 활용한 검정방법을 제안했다. 하지만, 그 고유함수들은 검정문제에서 관심사인 함수형 설명변수와 스칼라 반응변수의 연관성이 아니라 함수형 설명변수의 변동만을 고려하기 때문에 회귀문제에 사용하기에 일반적으로 적합한 기저가 아니다. 게다가, 자료로부터 추정하여야 하기 때문에 이 불필요한 추정오차가 검정 절차 성능에 포함될 가능성이 있다. 이러한 단점을 피하기 위해 본 논문에서는 기존의 고유기저함수가 아닌 고정기저(fixed basis)인 B-스플라인(B-splines) 함수를 활용한 검정 방법을 제안한고 모의실험을 통해 검정방법이 잘 작동한다는 것을 보여준다. 또한, 제안한 검정 방법은 B-스플라인의 국소화 성질 때문에 때론 효율적이고 직관적인 결과를 제공하는데 이를 모의실험과 실증자료 분석을 통해 보여줄 것이다.