• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2008

In these days, there has been increased focus on global warming and the exhaustion of resources caused by the heavy consumption of fossil resources. In order to resolve these problems, biomass is increasingly gaining international attention as a source of renewable energy. Biodiesel fuel produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats is expected to be one of the eco-friendly biomass based alternatives to petrodiesel. This article reviews some of the research for effective of biodiesel production.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.72-92
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• 1996

식물유, 어유 및 축산 폐기물을 포함한 동식물성 기름은 어느 연료든지 기관의 연료로서 사용 가능하지만, 이들 연료는 점도가 높고, 저휘발성이어서 착화지연기간동안에 가연성혼합기 생성이 어려워 저 NOx이며, 정숙한 운전이 사능할 뿐 아니라 경유정도의 열소비율 및 배기 매연농도로 디젤기관의 대체 연료로서의 충분한 가능성이 있는 연료임을 확인하였다. 그러나, 고점도에 의한 분무 특성의 악화에 기인한 분무입자의 증대로 미연소분에 의한 carbon deposit 및 piston ring stick 등이 문제점으로 지적되었다. 그러나, 이같은 문제점의 해결책으로 경질유와의 혼합, 에스테르 변환 및 연료의 가열등 여러 해결책을 제시하였고, 배기가스분석결과도 양호함을 확인하였다. 이같은 biomass 연료 일종인 식물유가 아무런 변화없이 이용되기 위해서는 고과급화, 단열 및 연소실의 적절한 설계가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 따라서, 현재의 실황을 생각한다면 기존기관을 특별하게 개조함이 없이 사용을 전제로 할 때 식물유의 이용은 local 에너지로서, 생산, 전환 또는 이용기술의 개발과 동시에 화석에너지의 보충적인 에너지로 고려하는 것이 유효할 것으로 생각된다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.44-51
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• 2003

By blending of various low boiling point oxygenated agents to lower grade fuels, significant improvements were simultaneously obtained in smoke, CO, PM, SOF and BSEC. Especially, our trends were remarkably obtained by retarding injection timing, by decreasing boiling point and increasing blending contents of additives in case of oxygenated agents rather than non-oxygenated agents. Also, it was revealed that when 20vo1.% DMM added to high viscosity fuels and injection timing was retarded, NOx-smoke trade off relationship was much better than that of ordinary diesel fuel. Thus, lower grade fuels with high viscosity could be expected to be used efficiently and cleanly in diesel operation by blending low boiling point oxygenates.

• Korean journal of aerospace and environmental medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.113-129
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• 2020

With the operation of the KC-330 MRTT (Multi Role Tanker Transport), which had been fielded in 2019, the ROKAF (Republic of Korea Air Force) has given fighter pilots a new mission of air refueling. As a result, fighter pilots are more likely to be exposed to risks they have never faced before, and it is necessary to look at the risk factors associated with human factors in air refueling missions. Therefore, in this study, an analysis using the HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) model was performed for fighter pilots with air refueling qualifications. This study tried to prevent hazard in advance by discriminating the risk factors according to the human factors related to the fighter pilot during the air refueling mission.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2007

Orimulsion, a bitumen-in-water emulsified fuel, has been used throughout the world as a substitute fuel for heavy oil and coal. Orimulsion has relatively high levels of sulfur, nickel, and vanadium, compared to other fuel oils and coals, and has been the subject of much debate regarding the environmental impacts. In Korea, Y power plant has operated boilers with Orimulsion as a fuel, and they has some drawbacks during the plant operation, such as plume opacity. In this study, we investigated the cause of formation mechanism and factors for the plume opacity by investigating the operation data, and measuring the particle size distribution at EP(Electrostatic Precipitator), FGD(Fuel Gas Desulfurization) and TMS(Telecommunications Management System) units. Resulting data showed the primary particles below 1 ${\mu}m$ formed were regrown by the recombination of $SO_3$ in wet-limestone FGD process, and thus the secondary particles are induced to cause the plume opacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2011

In this research, the oil detection method and the characteristic of sensor using the selective reaction of silicone rubber in response to hydrocarbon oil will be described. As a sensing principle, the swelling property of silicone rubber in response to hydrocarbon fuel is used, also a strain gauge is used to transduce the volume change to an electrical signal. The sensor core is manufactured with a strain gauge embedded in silicone rubber by the curing process and experiments for characteristics of sensor core with various oils were carried out. It is shown that the sensor core can be used as an oil spill detection sensor. Also, for the application to the sea area, a buoy type sensor platform is integrated with a sensor core and a strain amplifier and it is tested in the simulated oil spill condition. In this study, it is proven that the integrated sensor can be used for the detection of various oils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 1991

In this paper, to percuss whether fish oil can substitute for marine fuel oil, the characteristics on the evaporation and ignition of 3 fish oils, Sardine oil, File fish oil and Alaska pollac oil, were investigated experimentally by suspending single fish oil droplel in hot atmosphere, and experiments on methanol and light oil were also carried out to compare the characteristics. The results abtained are summarized as follow; 1) Evaporation and ignition phenomena on the methanol and light oil by the present experimental method agreeded with the results of the earlier investigation. 2) The characteristic on evaporation and ignition of all 3 fish oils took the same pattern; in late stage of evaporation at atmospheric Temperature 55$0^{\circ}C$ droplet rapidly expanded and contracted, and then remained solid corbide, but in case of $650^{\circ}C$ rapidly expanded and ignitied, and then completly burned non-remained solid carbide. 3) As fish oil mixed with light oil (50% weight), in beginning stage of evaporation droplet depended on the characteristics of light oil, but in end stage depended on fish oil. 4) Ignition temperature of fish oil droplets was about 47$0^{\circ}C$, higher than about 25$0^{\circ}C$ of light oil, but atmospheric temperature to ignite droplet was about $650^{\circ}C$, lower than about 75$0^{\circ}C$ of light oil.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.483-489
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• 2010

Biodiesel has attracted great attention as an alternative renewable energy source for the replacement of petroleumbased diesel fuel, yet its high production cost due to expensive oil feedstock remainsas the major economical obstacle. In this study, we investigated catalysts and reaction conditions for the acid catalyzed pre-conversion of free fatty acid (FFA) to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in cheap low-grade oils of high acid value. The NaOH base catalyzed reaction of vegetable oil of the initial acid value of 2 mg KOH/g led to a high FAME conversion above 95.4%, but the conversion abruptly decreased at higher initial acid values. This base catalyzed reaction was practically ineffective displaying the FAME conversion below 15% even at the initial acid value of 10 mg KOH/g by the severe saponification side reaction. Among the various catalysts studied for the pre-conversion of FFA to FAME, Amberlyst-15 was the most effective in reducing the acid value, and the optimum reaction condition identified was $65^{\circ}C$ with oil to methanol ratio of 1:3 and catalyst concentration of 15% (w/w). As the results, great enhancements in the overall biodiesel conversion were achievable via a consecutive reaction of the acid catalyzed FFA pre-conversion to FAME under the optimal condition obtained with Amberlyst-15 followed by the NaOH base catalyzed reaction, far above the extent which was obtainable by the single NaOH catalyzed reaction.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-59
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• 2014

The aims of this work were the identification and the classification of fresh lubricants and used engine oils of vehicles for the application in forensic science field-80 kinds of fresh lubricants were purchased and 86 kinds of used engine oils were sampled from 24 kinds of diesel and gasoline vehicles with different driving conditions. The sample of lubricants and used engine oils were analyzed by GC/MS. The Bayesian model technique was developed for classification or identification. Both the wavelet fitting and the principal component analysis (PCA) techniques as a data dimension reduction were applied. In fresh lubricants classification, the rates of matching by Bayesian model technique with wavelet fitting and PCA were 97.5% and 96.7%, respectively. The Bayesian model technique with wavelet fitting was better to classify lubricants than it with PCA based on dimension reduction. And we selected the Bayesian model technique with wavelet fitting for classification of lubricants. The other experiment was the analysis of used engine oils which were collected from vehicles with the several mileage up to 5,000 km after replacing engine oil. The eighty six kinds of used engine oil sample with the mileage were collected. In vehicle classification (total 24 classes), the rate of matching by Bayesian model with wavelet fitting was 86.4%. However, in the vehicle's fuel type classification (whether it is gasoline vehicle or diesel vehicle, only total 2 classes), the rate of matching was 99.6%. In the used engine oil brands classification (total 6 classes), the rate of matching was 97.3%.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.162-178
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• 2015

Petroleum based fossil fuels used to power most processes today are non-renewable fuels. This means that once used, they cannot be reproduced for a very long time. The maximum combustion of fossil fuels occurs in automobiles i.e. the vehicles we drive every day. Thus, there is a requirement to shift from these non-renenewable sources of energy to sources that are renewable and environment friendly. This is causing the need to shift towards more environmentally-sustainable transport fuels, preferably derived from biomass, such as biodiesel blends. These blends can be made from oils that are available in abundance or as waste e.g. waste cooking oil, animal fat, oil from seeds, oil from algae etc. Waste Cooking Oil(WCO) is a waste product and so, converting it into a transportation fuel is considered highly environmentally sustainable. Keeping this in mind, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental implications of replacing diesel fuel with WCO biodiesel blends in a regular Diesel engine. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to determine the environmental outcomes of biodiesel from WCO in terms of global warming potential, life cycle energy efficiency (LCEE) and fossil energy ratio (FER) using the life cycle inventory and the openLCA software, version 1.3.4: 2007 - 2013 GreenDelta. This study resulted in the conclusion that the biodiesel production process from WCO in particular is more environmentally sustainable as compared to the preparation of diesel from raw oil, also taking into account the combustion products that are released into the atmosphere as exhaust emissions.