• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2013

Citrus fruit contain various flavonoids that have multiple biological activities. However, the content of these flavonoids are changed during maturation and immature Citrus is known to contain larger amounts than mature. Chemokines are significant mediators for cell migration, while thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) are well known as the typical inflammatory chemokines in atopic dermatitis (AD), a pruritic and chronic inflammatory skin disease. We reported recently that the EtOH extract of immature Citrus unshiu inhibits TARC and MDC production. Therefore, we investigated the activity of flavonoids contained in immature Citrus on TARC and MDC levels. As a result, among the various flavonoids, quercetagetin has stronger inhibitory effects on the protein and mRNA expression of TARC and MDC than other flavonoids. Quercetagetin particularly has better activity on TARC and MDC level than quercetin. In HPLC analysis, the standard peak of quercetagetin matches the peaks of extract of immature C. unshiu. This suggests that quercetagetin is an anti-inflammatory component in immature C. unshiu.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-111
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• 2000

Composition of fatty acids (FAs) in Pleurotus ostreatus were analyzed by gas chromatography and compositional changes according to cultivar, fruitbody section and developmental stage (days after primordia formation) were investigated. Major FAs in oyster mushroom were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. Unsaturated FAs were higher in pileus portion than upper- or lower-stipe portion. Oleic acid content was increased with developmental days but linoleic acid content was highest at $3{\sim}4$ days after primordia formation and then decreased after that. And ratio of unsaturated FAs/saturated FAs was decreased with basidiocarp maturation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2020

This study was carried out to potentially improve the quality of traditional Korean fermented liquor using different concentrations of the root, stem, and fruit of Acanthopanax chiisanensis to simultaneously develop this local product and promote its consumption. The fermented liquor used for this study was matured at 5~10℃ for a period of 60 days, and its pH was in the range of 3.6±0.3~3.9 in thReduction of the liquor's sugar content decreased slightly while total acids increased slowly during the maturation. The organic acids in order of prevalence measured in the A. chiisanensis liquor were lactic, formic, malic, tartaric, and acetic, and free sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and mannose were detected, glucose content being highest across all the test groups. The total free amino acids in liquors with 10% root, stem, or fruit were 1,858.9, 2,855.1 and 2,672.2 mg/l, respectively. In examining the saturation of the matured liquor, that which had been fermented using the root and stem showed similar L, a and b values and was of comparable color. The fruit liquor was very red, with a low L value and high a value. The results obtained in this study are a meaningful contribution to local product development and promotion of their consumption.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2015

Kiwifruit is a new fruit crop that was commercialized in the late 1970s. Recently, its cultivation and consumption have increased rapidly worldwide. Kiwifruit is a dioecious, deciduous, and climbing plant having fruit with hairs and various flesh colors and a variation in ploidy level; however, the industry consists of very simple cultivars or genotypes. The need for efficient cultivar improvement together with the evolutional and biological perspectives based on unique plant characteristics, have recently encouraged genome analysis and bioinformatics application. The draft genome sequence and chloroplast genome sequence of kiwifruit were released in 2013 and 2015, respectively; and gene annotation has been in progress. Recently, transcriptome analysis has shifted from previous ESTs analysis to the RNA-seq platform for intensive exploration of controlled genetic expression and gene discovery involved in fruit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, flesh coloration, maturation, and vine bacterial canker tolerance. For improving conventional breeding efficiency, molecular marker development and genetic linkage map construction have advanced from basic approaches using RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP to the development of NGS-based SSR and SNP markers linked to agronomically important traits and the construction of highly saturated linkage maps. However, genome and transcriptome studies have been limited in Korea. In the near future, kiwifruit genome and transcriptome studies are expected to translate to the practical application of molecular breeding.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.79-92
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• 2003

Ultrastructural changes of the pericarp in Citrus reticulata has been investigated during hesperidium abscission. The pericarp was composed of compactly arranged parenchyma cell layers during early stages of fruit development. The outermost exocarp was green and active in photosynthesis. However, cells in the exocarp soon changed into collenchyma cells by developing unevenly thickened walls within a short time frame. As the fruit approached maturation, the chlorophyll gradually disappeared and chloroplasts were transformed into carotenoid-rich chromoplasts. In the mature fruit the exocarp consisted of large, lobed collenchyma cells with primary pit fields and numerous plasmodesmata. The immature mesocarp was a relatively hard and thick layer, located directly under the exocarp. With development, the deeper layers of the exocarp merged into the white, spongy mesocarp. Before separation of the hesperidium from the plant, some unusual features were detected in the plasma membrane of the exocarp cells. The number of small vacuoles and dark, irregular osmiophilic lipid bodies also increased enormously in the exocarp collenchyma after the abscission. They occurred between the plasma membrane and the wall, and invaginated pockets of the plasma membrane containing double-membraned vesicles were also frequently noticed. The lipid bodies in the cytoplasm were often associated with other organelles, especially with plastids and mitochondria. The plastids, which were irregular or amoeboid in shape, contained numerous large lipid droplets, and occasional clusters of phytoferritin, as well as few loosely -oriented peripheral lamellae. Myelin-like configurations of membrane were frequently observed in the vacuoles, as was the association of lipid bodies with the vacuolar membrane. Most vacuoles had an irregular outline, and lipid bodies were often connected to the tonoplast of the vacuoles. The structural changes underlying developmental, particularly to senescence, processes in various hesperidium will be reported in the separate paper.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.712-719
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• 2010

This study was carries out to analyzed the antioxidant activities and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of extracts from jujube to provide basic data for the development of functional materials. Antioxidative activities of extracts from jujube were analyzed by electron donating ability (EDA) using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity by pyrogallol and nitrite scavenging ability. Extract yields from jujube fruits were 11.55% for unripe fruits, and about twice that value when ripe fruit extracts were prepared. The yields of hot-water and ethanol extracts was 55.67 and 65.95% in dried fruits, respectively. Total phenol contents were higher in unripe fruit extracts. The EDA values of hot-water and ethanol extracts from jujube fruits were increased by increase of extract concentration, and were about 90% in 10.0 mg/mL of extract concentration. The SOD-like activity was increased by the increase of extract concentrations. The SOD-like activity of the hot-water extract from unripe fruits was higher than that of other extracts. The SOD-like activity of ethanol extracts was 39.92% at 10 mg/ml of extract concentration from unripe fruits. The nitrite scavenging ability was about 50% in 1.0 mg/ml of extract concentration at pH 1.2, and that of extracts from unripe fruits was higher than that of other extracts. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of hot-water and ethanol extracts from unripe fruits were higher than those of other extracts, were increased by concentration of extracts.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1311-1318
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• 2015

The effects of fruit maturation on changes in the total phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids of methanolic extracts of Citrus sudachi, in addition to its antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, were determined. Generally, the concentration of these chemical constituents increased as C. sudachi reached maturity. C. sudachi contained high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids at maturity, contributing 6339.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g, 2364.2 mg of rutin equivalent per 100 g, and 678.7 mg/ml, respectively. The scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radicals and the reducing power of mature fruits were significantly higher at all data points than those of immature fruits (p<0.05). In contrast, the ferrous ion chelating activity of mature and immature C. sudachi fruits was similar. The 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀) of mature fruits were 4.1±0.10 mg/ml for scavenging DPPH radicals, 3.1±0.02 mg/ml for scavenging hydrogen peroxide, 3.9±0.01 mg/ml for scavenging nitric oxide, and 3.8±0.02 mg/ml for chelating ferrous ion. The antidiabetic activity of C. sudachi was studied in vitro using the α-glucosidase inhibitory method. The inhibitory activity of mature C. sudachi fruits on α-glucosidase was higher than that of immature fruits. These results suggest that the content of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of C. sudachi change during maturation. These findings can be further extended to exploit them for their possible application for the preservation of food products, as well as their use as health supplements and nutraceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 2017

Alpine plants with a scarcity of pollinators in harsh environments have been believed to undergo selfing for reproductive assurance; however, contradictory evidence is also available. Snowmelt regimes in alpine areas function to change life history characteristics of alpine plants such as flowering time and duration; yet the effects of snowmelt regimes have never been tested in alpine plants in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the dichogamy, mating systems, and flowering characteristics of Megaleranthis saniculifolia populations [early and late snowmelt plots (ESP and LSP, respectively)] in a subalpine area of Sobaeksan Mountain in Korea. M. saniculifolia exhibited incomplete protogyny in that despite early maturation of pistils, maturation times of pistils and stamens within flowers were partly overlapped. Control and hand-outcrossing treatments produced significantly higher number of follicles and seeds per flower than autonomous and hand-selfing treatments. Based on the aggregate fruit set, the auto-fertility index (AI) and self-compatibility index (SI) were 0.33 and 0.50, respectively. Snowmelt occurred 10 days earlier in ESP than in LSP, thereby ESP and LSP showed distinct differences with regard to flower longevity and season, but showing no difference in peak flowering dates. We concluded that M. saniculifolia is an incomplete protogynous and largely outcrossing plant requiring pollinator service. Temporal variation in snowmelt time and subsequent changes in flowering characteristics under climate change may further threaten the population persistence of M. saniculifolia which has already been designated as endangered species in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1996

This study was carried out to understand the flowering and pollination characteristics in Bupleurum falcatum. Estimated total node numbers of primary branches were 106.6, and the total numbers of florets were theoretically 9,622 until secondary branches flower. In the sizes of floral organs according to the branch order, all of ray, pedicel, petal, pistil, stamen, ovary surface, and sepals have a tendancy to be smaller as this order: main stem> 1st branch> 2nd branch. As the branch development proceeds, the size of florets was getting smaller. Each flowering periods, especially stamen emergence, in different branch positons and in intra-branch were clearly divided. In case of florets, umbellets, and compound umbels enveloped in the gauze and paper, they showed 0% fertilization rate. However, the plants which were entirely enveloped in gauze led to the partial fertilization. Consequently, it was admitted that B. falcatum was a partly allogamous plant, fertilized in the way of entomophily. In respect of pol­linatability according to the steps of floral organs maturation, this plant was able to bear fruit after 8 days (Pistil maturation). It was at maturity stages, especially 11 through 13 days, that the maximum fer­tilization rate appeared.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2021

Prior studies of physiologically active substances in grapes have focused only on the fruit, pericarp, and branches, as well as the pulp and seeds. The present study assessed the changes in quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3OG) and flavonol glycoside content using grape leaves from Vitis labruscana B. and V. coignetiae at different growth stages and provided basic data for quality control. Content analysis showed that both varieties differed in Q3OG and flavonol glycoside content by growth stage, and the components were found to be high in the order of fruit, maturation, and coloration. Also, Vitis labruscana B. has a better vascular relaxation effect than Vitis coignetiae. These results suggest that in the use of grape leaves as a functional raw material, Q3OG and flavonol glycosides can be used as indicator components. In addition, if raw materials for each growth stage are mixed in a particular ratio, it will be a way to manage the specific efficacy and content of indicator components.