• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-48
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• 2004

The effect of $CO_2$ concentration (500, 3,000, $6,000{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$) on the mycelial growth and fruit body primordium formation of Ganoderma lucidum on nutrient agar medium was examined. Optimum $CO_2$ concentration for vegetative growth was above $3,000{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$. Fruit body initiation was accelerated at higher than $3,000{\mu}{\ell}/{\ell}$ $CO_2$ exposure but the maximum number and size of primordia, and primordium color were not influenced by $CO_2$ concentrations. Whereas each atypical fruiting structure forming stock culture showed different fruiting time under each concentration of $CO_2$ exposure.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.357-365
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• 2022

Schizophyllum commune has emerged as the most promising model mushroom to study developmental stages (mycelium, primordium), which are two primary processes of fruit body development. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been proved to participate in fruit development and sex differentiation in fungi. However, potential lncRNAs have not been identified in S. commune from mycelium to primordium developmental stages. In this study, lncRNA-seq was performed in S. commune and 61.56 Gb clean data were generated from mycelium and primordium developmental stages. Furthermore, 191 lncRNAs had been obtained and a total of 49 lncRNAs were classified as differently expressed lncRNAs. Additionally, 26 up-regulated differently expressed lncRNAs and 23 down-regulated between mycelium and primordia libraries were detected. Further, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that differentially expressed lncRNAs target genes from the MAPK pathway, phosphatidylinositol signal, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy, and cell cycle. This study provides a new resource for further research on the relationship between lncRNA and two developmental stages (mycelium, primordium) in S. commune.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2011

Light wavelength is the major factor of fruit body development associated with mushroom cultivation, but its wavelength range in Pleurotus eryngii is poorly understood. Using four kinds of light emitting diode (LED) including blue (475 nm), green (525 nm), yellowed (590 nm) and red (660 nm), we investigated to elucidate suitable light wavelength during primordium formation and fruit body development of P. eryngii on bottle cultivation. Primordia formation did not occur in blue light and red light. The morphological properties of fruit body in fluorescent lamp and blue light irradiation were showed thicker and larger pileus than those in other LEDs. However, length of stipe in fluorescent lamp and blue light was shorter than that of other LEDs. The DPPH radical was high in blue light, green light, and yellow light except for red light, and the polyphenol was high in four kinds of LED sources. And ergosterol was the highest in the green light. Thus, the high-quality mushroom production of P. eryngii is possible to green light condition considering productivity and functional materials.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.205-208
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• 2003

The production of polysaccharide according to various developmental stages(mycelium growth, primordium appearance, and fruiting-body formation) in the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa was studied. The cap of the mature mushroom showed the highest amount of polysacchride. Mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis were optimal at pH 5 and $20^{\circ}C$. Polysaccharide synthesis was maximal after 12 days of cultivation, whereas maximum mycelial growth was shown after 18 days. Mannose, cellobiose and starch increased the level of polysaccharide as well as growth in submerged culture. Glucose and sucrose appeared to be good substrates for fruiting of Grifola frondosa.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.167-175
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• 1996

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of light quality on formation of fruit body primordia (FBPs) of Ganoderma lucidum. To achieve this 5 isolates of the fungus that develops fruit body primordia on nutrient agar media were incubated with or without continuous irradiation. The fluorescent lamps used different colors such as black light blue (BLB), pure blue (P-B), pure green (P-G), pure yellow (P-Y) and pure red (P-R). Effect of periodic light and dark exposures on FBP formation of isolate Gl-009 was investigated. The FBP formation in G. lucidum isolates was also tested under monochromatic light produced by the combination of interference filters and colored glass filters. Three isolates produced FBPs under all kinds of fluorescent lamps, whereas two induced FBPs only under visible light except for BLB fluorescent lamp. However, these isolate did not form FBPs in the dark. The FBP was formed at light intensity from 0.05 to $10.0\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and begun to reduce its number as light intensity increase over $0.5\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. When the isolate was incubated under periodic light and dark exposures, the number and weight of FBP increased as compared with those under continuous light. Initiation of FBP requires at least 4 days of light illumination. Although isolate Gl-003 produced FBPs in a wide range of 400 to 800 nm, other four isolates had two effective regions 400 to 500 nm and 700 to 750 nm in FBP formation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.774-780
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• 2009

Flammulina velutipes is a popular edible basidiomycete mushroom found in East Asia and is commonly known as winter mushroom. Mushroom development showing dramatic morphological changes by different environmental factors is scientifically and commercially interesting. To create a genetic database and isolate genes regulated during mushroom development, cDNA libraries were constructed from three developmental stages of mycelium, primordium, and fruit body in F. velutipes. We generated a total of 5,431 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from randomly selected clones from the three cDNA libraries. Of these, 3,332 different unique genes (unigenes) were consistent with 2,442 (73%) singlets and 890 (27%) contigs. This corresponds to a redundancy of 39%. Using a homology search in the gene ontology database, the EST unigenes were classified into the three categories of molecular function (28%), biological process (29%), and cellular component (6%). Comparative analysis found great variations in the unigene expression pattern among the three different unigene sets generated from the cDNA libraries of mycelium, primordium, and fruit body. The 19-34% of total unigenes were unique to each unigene set and only 3% were shared among all three unigene sets. The unique and common representation in F. velutipes unigenes from the three different cDNA libraries suggests great differential gene expression profiles during the different developmental stages of F. velutipes mushroom.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 2014

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of shading treatment on the uniform primordium formation and development of fruit body during incubation of major cultivated oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Oyster mushrooms cultivars Suhan No. 1 and Gonji No. 7 were incubated while shading during different times in the incubation room wherein temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ was maintained. Substrate temperature during incubation was increased to $24{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ in 11~12 days for Suhan No. 1 and to $25{\sim}26^{\circ}C$ in 11~12 days for Gonji No. 7 regardless of shading times. The $CO_2$ generation was the highest as 9~11% for Suhan No. 1 and 9~10% for Gonji No. 7 at the time of temperature increase the highest, while $O_2$contents became decreased, thus constructed good environment for the growth of hyphae. Therefore, ratio of ununiformal primordia formation was reduced by 20% as against control for Suhan No. 1 and by 13% for Gonji No. 7 when shading was applied from $10^{th}$ day of inoculation with no difference in fruit body yield.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.39-43
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• 2016

In this study, we observed differences in the fruit body genesis in with seasonal changes. The mushrooms generated different spines even when under same environmental conditions in equivalent growth chambers during different seasons. The growth chamber conditions were set at $18^{\circ}$, 1000 ppm CO and 95% humidity for uniform primordium formation. Following this, the humidity was reduced to 85% during growth and development. The characteristics of the fruit body were measured: yield (weight), length (size), hardness, and chromaticity. Each measure was relatively compared owing standard data for. We investigated the environmental factors to assess the cause of variation in fruit body. Change in temperature and humidity were especially focused on, apart from climate that can affect mushroom growth. It was observed that temperature and humidity both influence fruit body growth. Not the absolute value of the elevation, there was a change of climate which the temperature is lowered and lowered the humidity can be assumed that the changes in the environmental conditions inside the growth chamber the mushroom growth.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 1984

Environmental effects of light. temperature, and pH of culture media on mycelial growth and fruit-body formation of Flammulina velutipes in synthetic media were investigated. Illumination inhibited mycelial growth, but illumination during the latter part of vegetative growth induced primordia formation. The optimum light intensity and exposure time were $100{\sim}1000$ lux and $4{\sim}8$ hours per day, respectively. High intensity of light was injurous, and in darkness primordia developed into very poor fruit-bodies. The optimum temperature was $25^{\circ}C for mycelial growth and $15^{\circ}C$ for fruit-body formation. The optimum pH range for mycelial growth was found to be from 5.0 to 7.0 and for fruit-body formation from 5.0 to 6.0. In low temperature treatments, a temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ was more effective than $5^{\circ}C\;or\;10^{\circ}C$, it took about 12 hours for primordium formation, but at $5^{\circ}C\;or\;10^{\circ}C$ about 48 hours. The most excellent fruit-body formation were produced from the mycelium growth for 7 to 10 days.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.89
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• pp.1272-1277
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• 2007

Comparison of fruit bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivar chunchu No .2 grown on the sawdust, rice straw and cotton waste substrates revealed differences in the pattern of differentiation of hyphal compartments. Required period for primordium induction of fruit bodies grown on sawdust substrate was 13 days. Physical structure shown as hardness of stipes grown on the sawdust substrate, fruit bodies were harden than control. Pileocystidia were well developed on the surface of pileus in the fruit body cultivated on rice straw. Microstructures of fruit body grown on the sawdust and cotton wastes substrates shown fast-discharge of basidiospore and sytoms ageing. Hyphae of fruit bodies formed on sawdust substrate had less stainable cytoplasmic material and many more vacuoles than hyphae of fruit bodies formed on synthetic substrate with 50% of pine sawdust, 30% of cotton seed hull and 20 of beet pulp(control).