• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2012

Purpose: In near infrared spectroscopy, interactance configuration of a light source and a spectrometer probe can provide more information regarding fruit internal attributes, compared to reflectance and transmittance configuration. However, there is no through study on the parameters of interactance measurement setup. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the parameters on the estimation of soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of muskmelons. Methods: Melon samples were taken from greenhouses at three different harvesting seasons. The prediction models were developed at three distances of 2, 5, and 8 cm between the light source and the spectrometer probe, three measurement points of 2, 3, and 6 evenly distributed on each sample, and different number of fruit samples for calibration models. The performance of the models was compared. Results: In the test at the three distances, the best results were found at a 5 cm distance. The coefficient of determination ($R_{cv}{^2}$) values of the cross-validation were 0.717 (standard error of prediction, SEP=$1.16^{\circ}Brix$) and 0.504 (SEP=4.31 N) for the estimation of SSC and firmness, respectively. The minimum measurement point required to fully represent the spectral characteristics of each fruit sample was 3. The highest $R_{cv}{^2}$ values were 0.736 (SEP=$0.87^{\circ}Brix$) and 0.644 (SEP=4.16 N) for the estimation of SSC and firmness, respectively. The performance of the models began to be saturated when 60 fruit samples were used for developing calibration models. The highest $R_{cv}{^2}$ of 0.713 (SEP=$0.88^{\circ}Brix$) and 0.750 (SEP=3.30 N) for the estimation of SSC and firmness, respectively, were achieved. Conclusions: The performance of the prediction models was quite different according to the condition of interactance measurement setup. In designing a fruit grading machine with interactance configuration, the parameters for interactance measurement setup should be chosen carefully.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1614-1614
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• 2001

The sweetness (。Bix) of fruit is the main quality factor contributing to the fruit taste. The brix of the apple fruit can be measured non-destructively by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, allowing the sweetness grading of individual apple fruit. However, the fruit quality is influenced by various factors such as growing location, producing year, variety and harvest time etc., accordingly the robust NIR calibration is required. In this experimental results are presented the influence of two variations such as growing location and producing year of apple fruit in establishing of calibrations for sweetness, and developed a stable and highly accurate calibration. Apple fruit (Fuji) was collected every year from 1995 to 1997 in 3 different growing locations (Andong, Youngchun and Chungsong) of Kyungpook in Korea. NIR reflectance spectra of apple fruit were scanned in wavelength range of 1100∼2500nm using an InfraAlyzer 500C (Bran+Luebbe) with halogen lamp and PbS detector. The multiple linear regression and stepwise was carried out between the NIR raw spectra and the brix measured by refractometer to select the best regression equations. The calibration models by each growing district were well predicted to dependent sample set, but poorly predicted to independent sample set. Combined calibration model using data of three growing districts predicted reasonable well to a population set drawn from all growing districts(SEP = 0.69%, Bias=-0.075). The calibration models by each harvest year were not transferable across harvest year, however a combined calibration model using data of three harvest years was sufficiently robust to predict each sample sets(SEP = 0.53%, Bias = 0.004).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 1995

This study was intended to develop more reliable fruit sorting algorithm regardless of the feeding positions of fruits by using the neural network in which various information could be included as input data. Specific objectives of this study were to select proper input units in the neural network by investigating the features of input image, to analyze the sorting accuracy of the algorithm depending on the feeding positions of Fuji apple and to evaluate the performance of the algorithm for practical usage. the average value in color grading accuracy was 90%. Based on the computing time required for color grading, the maximum sorting capacity was estimated to approximately 10, 800 apples per hours. Finally, it is concluded that the neuro-net based color sorting algorithm developed in this study has feasibility for practical usage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1267-1267
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• 2001

The existing fruit sorter has the method of tilting tray and extracting fruits by the action of solenoid or springs. In peaches, the most sort processing is supported by man because the sorter make fatal damage to peaches. In order to sustain commodity and quality of peach non-destructive, non-contact and real time based sorter was needed. This study was performed to develop peach sorter using near-infrared spectroscopy in real time and nondestructively. The prototype was developed to decrease internal and external damage of peach caused by the sorter, which had a way of extracting tray with it. To decrease positioning error of measuring sugar contents in peaches, fiber optic with two direction diverged was developed and attached to the prototype. The program for sorting and operating the prototype was developed using visual basic 6.0 language to measure several quality index such as chlorophyll, some defect, sugar contents. The all sorting result was saved to return farmers for being index of good quality production. Using the prototype, program and MLR(multiple linear regression) model, it was possible to estimate sugar content of peaches with the determination coefficient of 0.71 and SEC of 0.42bx using 16 wavelengths. The developed MLR model had determination coefficient of 0.69, and SEP of 0.49bx, it was better result than single point measurement of 1999's. The peach sweetness grading system based on NIR reflectance method, which consists of photodiode-array sensor, quartz-halogen lamp and fiber optic diverged two bundles for transmitting the light and detecting the reflected light, was developed and evaluated. It was possible to predict the soluble solid contents of peaches in real time and nondestructively using the system which had the accuracy of 91 percentage and the capacity of 7,200 peaches per an hour for grading 2 classes by sugar contents. Draining is one of important factors for production peaches having good qualities. The reason why one farm's product belows others could be estimated for bad draining, over-much nitrogen fertilizer, soil characteristics, etc. After this, the report saved by the peach grading system will have to be good materials to farmers for production high quality peaches. They could share the result or compare with others and diagnose their cultural practice.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.300-304
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• 2001

Apple is the most economically important fruit in Korea. The suspected viroid disease of dapple apple was found in apple fruits cultivated in Kyungpook province. Symptoms begin in mid-July as small circular spots, which stand out against the background color on the young fruit. Dappling of the fruit becomes more intense and easier to detect as the fruit approaches maturity; the affected spots remain yellowish as the fruit matures. no leaf or bark syndromes have been associated with this disease. The infected fruits are downgraded considerably during quality grading. The low molecular weight RNA containing viroid RNA molecules were extracted from the peels of the apples with dapple symptoms. The RNA molecules were extracted from the apples using Qiagen column chromatography. The purified RNAs were used for the synthesis of cDNA with RT-PCR. The PCR products were then ligated into a pGEM-T Easy vector, cloned and sequenced. The sequence of the viroid RNA molecule shows 331 nucleotides with one base difference ("G" insertion between the position of 133 and 134) compared with that of the Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) reported by Hashimoto and Koganezawa in Japan. This is the first report on the occurrence of the ASSVd in apple trees cultivated in Korea, as well as the identification of a new Korean strain of the ASSVd.the ASSVd.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1155-1155
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• 2001

The quality of agricultural products is very important factor for consumers. In Japan, quality is sometimes more important than cost. Usually, the quality of fresh food products is determined in terms of shape, color, size, etc. However, these indices are not always associated with taste, leaving consumers to complain. Recently, two types of the fruit quality meter (a tabletop type - K-FS200 and a portable type - K-BA100, Kubota Corp.) using NIR technology were introduced in Japan. A tabletop instrument is for post harvest use and a portable one is for precision agriculture use. The both meters use the NIR region from 600nm to 1000nm in the interactance mode to determine quality factors related to taste. The instruments can measure sugar content and acidity of such fruit as apples, tomatoes, tangerines and other fruits. The measurement is timely, nondestructive and precise. For example, the coefficient of variation (CV) is less than 6% for sugar in most fruits. The K-FS200 has been evaluated in supermarkets, grading facilities, and wholesalers in Japan. The introduction of the K-FS200) has drawn attention to taste quality and its use is becoming more popular. In addition, researchers or farmers are becoming interested in measuring product ingredient not only after harvest but also during growing in the field so that they can make intelligent judgements concerning soil amendments, such as fertilizers and water, employs the fiber probe for flexible measurement and is battery powered for field use. Design of the fruit quality meters will be discussed. Applications to fruit quality will be presented.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.270-278
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• 2022

This study was conducted using deep learning technology to classify for 'Mihwang' peach maturity with RGB images and fruit quality attributes during fruit development and maturation periods. The 730 images of peach were used in the training data set and validation data set at a ratio of 8:2. The remains of 170 images were used to test the deep learning models. In this study, among the fruit quality attributes, firmness, Hue value, and a^* value were adapted to the index with maturity classification, such as immature, mature, and over mature fruit. This study used the CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) models for image classification; VGG16 and InceptionV3 of GoogLeNet. The performance results show 87.1% and 83.6% with Hue left value in VGG16 and InceptionV3, respectively. In contrast, the performance results show 72.2% and 76.9% with firmness in VGG16 and InceptionV3, respectively. The loss rate shows 54.3% and 62.1% with firmness in VGG16 and InceptionV3, respectively. It considers increasing for adapting a field utilization with firmness index in peach.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2000

Physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of Satsuma mandarin produced in Cheju were investigated . Fruit index(width/Length), soluble solids and acid content of Citrus unshiu marc. var. miyagawa(miyagawa) and C. unshiu marc. var.(okitsu) harvested at 1st December were 1.16 and 1.23, 12.12 and 12.01, 0.97 and 1.09, respectively. and the fruit of miyagawa was showed somewhat round in shape, compared to ikitsu. the taste of miyagawa seemed to be better than okitsu. However, compared to miyagawa, peel thickness was thinner, flesh ratio was higher, and firmness was higher as 0.502kg-force in kitsu. Nevertheless there were some differences among panelist groups in sensory evaluation , middle size of citrus fruits were favorable to most panelists, but except very small or very large size of fruits, there were not so much differences in okitsu. The panelists referred to somewhat flat-shaped fruits from that sensory evaluation score was increased to 1.3 in fruit index. nevertheless there were not so much differences in full-colored fruits, the citrus peel color of reddish yellow was more favorable than greenish or pale yellow color. the score was increased more linearly according to citrusfruit produced in optimum ciltivation area, and was prefered to thinner in peel thickness , Correlation between soluble solids, acid content , Brix/acid ratio and flesh ratio with sensory evaluation score were not showed significantly, it was different to with citrus juice. This data obtained in this experiments are supposed to be applied to the quality evaluation of Satsuma mandarin produced in Cheju .

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 1999

An internet and network based software and related interface have been developed, which can remotely control and manage an on-site operating system. Developed software modules were composed of two parts: monitoring/management modules and control/diagnosis modules were developed for the network status, warehouse, production and selling status. Modules of control with diagnosis were developed for the on-site operating system and interface. Each module was integrated and the whole modules have been tested with an automatic mushroom grading/sorting system which was built in a laboratory. Developed software modules worked successfully without any uncommon situations such as system down caused by the software or data transfer error. Each software module was developed independently in order to apply easily to other existing on-site systems such as rice processing centers, fruit and vegetable sorting, packaging and distribution centers scattered over the country.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the potential of interactance mode of NIR spectroscopy technology for the estimation of soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of muskmelons. Methods: Melon samples were taken from local greenhouses in three different harvesting seasons (experiments 1, 2, and 3). The fruit attributes were measured at the 6 points on an equator of each sample where the spectral data were collected. The prediction models were developed using the original spectral data and the spectral data sets preprocessed by 20 methods. The performance of the models was compared. Results: In the prediction of SSC, the highest coefficient of determination ($R_{cv}{^2}$) values of the cross-validation was 0.755 (standard error of prediction, SEP=$0.89^{\circ}Brix$) with the preprocessing of normalization with range in experiment 1. The highest coefficient of determination in the robustness tests, $R_{rt}{^2}$=0.650 (SEP=$1.03^{\circ}Brix$), was found when the best model of experiment 3 was evaluated with the data set of experiment 2. The best $R_{cv}{^2}$ for the prediction of firmness was 0.715 (SEP=3.63 N) when no preprocessing was applied in experiment 1. The highest $R_{rt}{^2}$ was 0.404 (SEP=5.30 N) when the best model of experiment 3 was applied to the data set of experiment 1. Conclusions: From the test results, it can be concluded that the interactance mode of VIS/NIR spectroscopy technology has a great potential to measure SSC and firmness of thick-skinned muskmelons.