• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1869-1874
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• 2016

Background: Errors in surgical pathology diagnosis can have serious consequences for the patient. Since the final product of a surgical pathology lab is the report, errors can be picked by reviewing reports of cases. Aim: To determine the frequency and types of error in surgical pathology reports of cases signed out in 2014 in a laboratory in Karachi, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: All surgical pathology reports in which changes were made in the original report after sign out and an amended report was issued were included. Errors included: (1) misinterpretations; (2) missing critical information; (3) erroneous critical information; (4) misidentification; and (5) typographic errors. Results: Errors were identified in 210 cases (0.37%). These comprised 199 formalin fixed specimens and 11 frozen sections. The latter represented 3.8% of a total of 2,170 frozen sections. Of the 11 frozen section errors, 10 were misinterpretations. Of the 199 permanent specimens, 99 (49.7%) were misinterpretations, 65 (32.7%) belonged to missing critical information category, 8 (4%) belonged to erroneous critical information category, 8(4%) were misidentifications, 16(8%) were typographic errors while 3 cases (1.5%) were other errors. Most misinterpretations occurred in the gastro intestinal, liver and pancreato biliary tract (23.2%) and breast (13.1%). Another 87 cases were reviewed on the clinicians' request. However diagnosis after review remained the same as the original diagnosis. In 49 out of these (56.3%), additional workup was performed at the time of the review. Conclusions: Our findings were similar to other published studies. We need to develop documented procedures for timely review of cases to detect errors.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.465-475
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• 1998

The cryoprotection, section retrieval and embedding methods were studied for the preservation of ultrastructure of ultracryomicrosections in immunoelectron microscopy. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The cryoprotection of ultrastructure with a mixture containing 1.7 M sucrose and 15% polyvinylpyrrolidone was better than that with 2.3 M sucrose. The stretching caused by surface tension and the electron lucent holes decreased more in the cryosections infused with 2.3 M sucrose than in those with the mixture. 2. The difference between section retrieval solutions in cases of cryoprotection with 2.3 M sucrose was that the destructive .effects such as electron lucent holes and stretching between myofribrils were less in a mixture containing 1% methylcellulose and 2.3 M sucrose than in 2.3 M sucrose. The difference was obscure in the mixture containing 1.7 M sucrose and 15% PVP, but the destructive effects were slightly less in a mixture containing 1% mthylcellulose and 2.3 M sucrose than in 2.3 M sucrose or 1% methylcellulose. 3. The embedding of cryosection on drying with 2% PVA or 2% methylcellulose exhibited some protective effect during observation with transmission electron microscope, but made the ultrastructure more obscure. 4. Mitochondrial membrane and cristae and myofilaments were well delinated in sections infused with 2.3 M sucrose and retrieved with 1% methylcellulose and 2.3 M sucrose. In summary, it is suggested that the cryoprotection with 2.3 M sucrose and section retrieval with a mixture containing 1% methylcellulose and 2.3 M sucrose are good for the ultrastructure of cryosections.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1164-1170
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• 2003

The objectives of this work here focus on the differences in responses to multiple cyclic tests of different sections along the length of the same tendon. Tendon specimens were obtained from the hindlimbs of canines and frozen to -70$^{\circ}C$. After thawing, specimens were mounted in the immersion bath at room temperature (22$^{\circ}C$) , preloaded to 0.13 N and then subjected to 3% or 4% of the initial length at a strain rate of 5%/sec. It was found that different sections of the same long tendons had different resistances to deformation. In general, the bone end sections were stiffer and carried greater loads for a given strain than the muscle end sections, and the mid-portions were the least stiff and carried the smallest loads for a given strain. The results of this study offer new information about the mechanical responses of collagenous tissues. We know more about their responses to multiple cyclic extensions and how their responses are different from the positions along the length of the tendon specimen. The nature and causes of these differences in the stiffness are not fully known. However, it is clear that differences in the mechanical response of tendons and other connective tissues are significant to musculoskeletal performance.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-41
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• 2001

Background and Objectives: Thyroid nodules can be diagnosed by FNAB, neck sonography, CT scan, or frozen section with relative accuracy. But some cases, which show no malignancy with those methods, are proved differentiated carcinomas on permanent sections. These false negative results of those diagnostic methods pose difficulties in the surgeon's decision-making process. We analyzed completion thyroidectomies retrospectively in order to make a treatment guideline for thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods: During the last six years, we performed 243 thyroid lobectomies, no evidence of malignancy with preoperative or intraoperative diagnostic methods at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ansan and Anam Korea University Hospital. Among these cases, 23 patients (male 6, female 17, mean age 33.4 year old) were proved differentiated thyroid carcinomas on permanent section and we performed completion thyroidectomies. Results: Preoperative FNAB showed seven cases of nodular hyperplasia, 11 cases of follicular adenoma, and five cases of inadequate specimen. Among total 15 cases on frozen section, five cases were nodular hyperplasias, and 10 cases were follicular adenomas. Pathologic results of the permanent section were six cases of papillary cell carcinoma and 17 cases of follicular cell carcinoma. Completion thyroidectomy was performed on all these cases. Conclusion: FNAB and frozen section cannot be sufficient to make the diagnosis of thyroid nodule, we consider that completion thyroidectomy should be performed at the moment with malignant evidence on permanent section.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to investigate the changes of enzyme activities resulted from low concentrated carbon monoxide poisoning on the caudate nucleus in rat. The activities of cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydragenase were observed histochemically, after the experimental animals were poisoned to 100ppm carbon monoxide for 8 hours every day from one day to 16 days. The materials were sliced from coronal section at the level of the optic chiasm and immediately frozen sections of $10{\mu}m$ thickness were cut on the cryostat at $-15^{\circ}C$ and incubated in the medium containing substrate for histochemical detection of cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The sections were mounted in glycerol gelatin and observed under light microscope. It was obtained that cytochrome oxidase activity decreased moderately and succinate dehydrogenase activity showed marked or moderate activity during entire poisoning period and lactate dehydrogenase activity showed marked or moderate activity from one to 8 days but recovered to normal condition at 16th day.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.365-369
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• 1988

The present study was done to demonstrate ADV antigens in frozen and paraffin sections from ADV-infected pigs and cell cultures by using of the IGS method. Tissue specimens from 3 young pigs infected with ADV-phylaxia strain and of 2 healthy pigs were used. Fibroblastic cells originated from pig brain and BHK cells were grown and confluent monolayers were infected with the virus. Two monoclonal antibodies and a specific hyperimmune serum to ADV were used as the source of primary antibodies for both the IGS and immunoperoxidase methods. Application of the IGS method yielded a black fine granular reaction in positive areas, and the results were superior to those obtained using the immunoperoxidase technique for all cases tested. The IGS method might be useful in the detection of various viral antigens in tissue sections.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4463-4467
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• 2016

Purpose: To review the impact of using intra-operative ultrasound guided breast conserving surgery with frozen sections on final pathological margin outcome with the current guidelines set forth by the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) and the American Society of Surgical Oncology (ASTRO). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review including all cases of intra-operative ultrasound guided breast conserving surgery was performed at the National Cancer Institute Thailand between 2013 and 2016. Patient demographics, tumor variables, intraoperative frozen section and final pathological margin outcomes were collected. Factors for positive or close margins were analyzed. Results: A total of 86 patients aged between 27 and 75 years with intra-operative ultrasound guided breast conserving surgery were included. Three cases (3.5%) of positive margin were detected by intra-operative frozen section and 4 cases (4.7%) by final pathology reports. There were 18 cases (20.9%) with a close margin (<1 mm). Factors affecting this result comprised multi-foci, presence of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) combined with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Conclusions: With the current SSO/ASTRO for adequate margin guidelines, using intra-operative ultrasound to locate the boundary for resection with breast conserving surgery provided a high success rate in obtaining final pathology free margin outcomes and minimizing re-operation risks especially when combined with intra-operative frozen section assessment. The chance of finding positive or close margins appears higher in cases of IDC combined with DCIS, ILC and with multi-foci cancers.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of tumor and prognosis, depending on the status of resection margin involvement, on the frozen section diagnosis in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively, in 83 margin-positive patients on the frozen section diagnosis, who underwent gastrectomy from July 1995 to September 2006. The control group was selected by matching the age, gender, TNM stage and status of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, among those who had shown clear resection margins. The characteristics of tumor and patient survival are investigated, and they were analyzed between the two groups. Results: The tumor size was significantly larger in the study group than that of the control group (P=0.037). There was significant difference between the two groups in location of the tumors (P=0.003). Multivariate analysis indicated that only the location and Lauren's classification are independent factors, which affected the resection margin involvement. Median survival was $41.0{\pm}11.5$ months in the study group and $93.0{\pm}30.3$ months in the control group (P=0.049). In the survival analysis, it was investigated that TNM stage and the resection margin involvement of the frozen section diagnosis were the critical variables. Conclusions: When the tumor is located at the middle or the upper third, or the Lauren's indeterminate type, they are highly likely to show the resection margin involvement on the frozen section diagnosis, and it can, therefore, have negative effects on the prognosis. It is considered as good to perform more extensive resection as possible, during the initial resection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

We tested a set of conditions for obtaining optimal tissue quality in preparation for histology in samples of mouse brain. C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, after which the brains were removed and dehydrated in 30% sucrose solution. The brains were then divided into four groups according to freezing temperature and usage of optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound. Next, we stained the sectioned brain tissues with Harris hematoxylin and eosin Y and immunohistochemistry was performed for doublecortin. The best quality tissue was obtained at $-25^{\circ}C$ and by not embedding with the OCT compound. When frozen at $-25^{\circ}C$, the embedded tissue was significantly damaged by crystals, while at $-80^{\circ}C$ there were no meaningful differences between qualities of embedded- and non-embedded tissues. Overall, we identified a set of conditions to obtain quality frozen brain sections. Our developed protocol will help resolve matters associated with damage caused to sectioned brain tissue by crystal formation during freezing.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.405-412
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• 1991

Whitefish(Coregonus clupeaformis) and Burbot(Lota iota) muscle was filleted, treated with dipotassium phosphate(pH 8.0) by means of high pressure injection method, and finally stored at $-l2^{\circ}C$ for 3 months. Factors, the pH, moisture content, and total amount of collagen were analyzed on the samples before and after the frozen storage. The pH of the sample showed substantially higher values in the phosphate treated muscles than the controls and decreased after 3 months storage in all of the whitefish and burbot samples, there was no significant differences in the moisture content between the control and treated but some reduction occurred during frozen storage. The amount of total collagen in the tail sections of burbot was significantly high comparing with head sections and hardness of the tail section also showed high values which indicated that total collagen might be related to the texture of fish muscle. However, in the case of whitefish the effect was not apparent. The effects of these factors on the hardness determined by Instron texturometer were analyzed through standardized multiple regression. A specific factor was not apparent to the texture of white fish while pH showed the highest correlation to the hardness of the burbot muscle.