• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.135-148
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of family strengths perceived by children and self-esteem on friendship quality. The subjects of this study were 747 students in the 5th and 6th grade who are from 10 elementary schools in Incheon and Gyeonggi Province. The results are as follows: First, positive factor of the friendship quality had significant difference depending upon gender of child. That is, female have higher friendship quality than male. Also, general self-esteem, social-peer self-esteem and positive factor of friendship quality had significant difference depending upon father's educational level. Second, gender of child, self-esteem, family strengths what kind of effect should have gone mad to friendship quality, it examined. The variable of social-peer self-esteem is the most influence positive factor in friendship. The variable of school academic self-esteem is the most influence conflict in friendship. Most important factors that affected competition in friendship were family values. And most important factors that affected satisfaction in friendship were general self-esteem. In conclusion, variables effecting friendship quality include gender of child, self-esteem and family strengths. Therefore, family strengths and self-esteem are very important in order to improve the positive friendship quality of children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.225-242
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• 1999

The psychometric properties of a preliminary version of the Friendship Quality Scale(FQS) were examined with data collected from 300 3rd and 5th grade children. Scores on the Self-Perception Scale were obtained to examine convergent validity. The FQS assesses friendship quality in 9 sub-scales, inclusive of 6 friendship functions. Factor analysis confirmed the 9 sudscale structure of the FQS for 5th graders, but 4 friendship functions instead of 6 were a better fit for 3rd graders. Except for one, the sub-scales showed relatively high internal consistency ; Cronbach ${\alpha}$ ranged from .70 to .93. Convergent validity was indicated by correlations between self-perception and sex differences in friendship functions. Friendship functions and satisfaction were related to self-perceptions in social acceptance, behavior, and global self-worth. Girls reported higher friendship functions and satisfaction in friendship than boys.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.35-58
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to investigate the components in friendship as reported by Korean children of School age Specially, four major aspects of friendship - definition of friendship, friendship formation, friendship expectation, and friendship termination were explored. The subjects of this study consisted of 600 elementary school children in Grades 1 through 6, 50 males and 50 females at each grade level. Based on Bigelow (1977) five open - ended questions were administered. First and second graders were interviewed individually while 3rd-6th graders replied to a questionnaire in class. For content analysis, responses of each child were coded into 22 categories and each category was assigned a score from 1 to 4 according to its frequency. The data were analyzed by factor analysis. The results showed that four major aspects of friendship in Korean children of school age were found to consist of four different factors. DEFINITION OF FRIENDSHIP was found to consist of the factors; 1) reciprocity of liking vs. helping 2) global evaluation vs helping 3) sharing and 4) common activities. FRIENDSHIP FORMATION was found to consist of the factors; 1) situational effects vs complex evaluation 2) structural dimension vs common activities 3) helping and 4) staring. FRIENDSHIP EXPECTATION was found to consist of the factors; 1) mutuality 2) common activities vs. loyalty & commitment 3) exclusive - dyadic activities vs. admiration (character) and 4) interactive a1truism. FRIENDSHIP TERMINATION was found to consist of the factors; 1) physical separation vs disappointment (character) 2) conflict 3) physical separation vs. psychological dimension and 4) general altruism.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.685-695
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• 2008

This study was to find out the effect of child-parent and child-peer attachment levels on the quality of the child's friendship. Participants were 355 fifth and sixth graders of three elementary schools in Jeolabukdo. The questionnaire used for this study were Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment(IPPA) and Quality of Friendship Scale. The t-test and the regression-analysis were used for this study. According to the result, when the father attachment was higher and safer, the child's friendship was functioning more positively. However, there wasn't any meaningful relationship between the security of mother attachment and the quality of the child's friendship. When peer attachment level was higher and safer, the quality of the child's friendship was significantly higher. On the other hand, there was meaningful relationship between the security of parent attachment and peer attachment. On relationships among parent attachment, peer attachment, and the quality of the child's friendship, effects of secure father attachment and secure peer attachment were functioning meaningfully on the quality of the child's friendship. Secure peer attachment was the most effective factor functioning positively on the quality of the child's friendship among those three factors, child-parent attachment, peer attachment, and the quality of the child's friendship.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.32
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• pp.313-336
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• 1997

Nineteen stimulus photograghs varied in hue and color scheme of one clothing style of Korean dress worn by a female were used to investigate the effect of color color scheme and structure on impression formation for Korean dress. Subjects were 77 male and 86 female undergraduate and graduate students. The stimuli c9onsisted of two sets(cool and warm) of four similar color schemes two sets (cool and warm in Chima color) of five contrasting color schemes and one extra stimulus triad 3 hue base. Structures were de-fined by color schemes of Kit.Korum toward the color schemes of Jokori and Chima. Stimu-lus photogragh selected from Korean dress fashion magazines was managed and varied in hues and color schemes to Kit Korum Jokori and Chima according to Korean Standard Color through scanning and Adobe photoshop 3.0 program and then pictured through slide printer(HR-6000). Each subject assessed 19 stimulus color photographs with incorporated 7 point semantic differential response scale. The data were analyzed by frequency mean factor analysis t-test ANOVA and Scheffe test. Results indicate impression ofrmations are af-fected by clothing cues. 1) Four factors emerged to account for dimensional structure of impressions of female features on Korean dress. These four factors were titled as(1) preference.evaluation (2) individuality.attention (3) youth and (4) friendshio. The preference.evaluation factor was the largest including eleven adjectives and accounting for 29.62% of the variances. 2) Almost every clothing cue(color, color scheme, structure) had some effects on im-pressions formed But the color of Chima did not form the effects on impression of prefer-ence.evaluation factor. The effect of related color scheme was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of preference.evalation factor and friendship factor whereas the ef-fect of contrasting color scheme was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of indi-viduality.attention factor and youth factor. The effect of cool color of Chima was the most influential clothing cue on impression of indi-viduality.attention factor whereas the effect of warm color of Chima was the most influen-tial clothing cue on impressions of youth factor and friendship factor. The effect of Jokori/Chima.Kit.Korum structure was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of pref-erence.evaluation factor and youth factor whereas the effect of Kit.Korum/Jokori.Chima structure was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of individuality.attention factor and friendship factor. 3) The interaction effects were appeared among clothing cues. Significant interaction effects between color schemes(similar and contrasting) and colors of Chima(cool and warm were appeared on impressions of prefer-ence.evaluation factor imdividuality.atten-tion factor and friendship factor, Significant interaction effects between color schemes (similar and contrasting) and structures (Jokori.Chima.Kit.Korum; Jokori.Kit.Koru-m/Chima;Jokori/Chima.Kit.Korum;Kit.Korum/Jokori.Chima) were appeared on impressions of preference.evaluation factor youth factor and friendship factor. Signifi-cant interaction effects between colors(cool and warm) and structures were appeared on impressions of individuality.attention factor youth factor and friendship factor. Sighifi-cant interaction effects between colors(cool and warm) and structures were appeared on impressions of individuality.attention factor youth factor and friendship factor. Significant interaction effects among clothing cues(color color schemes and structures) were appeared on all impression factors. The friendship factor was the most friquently affected impression factor by interaction effects among clothing cues. In summary the clothing was used as nonverbal cues in the effect on impression for-mation of female dressed in Korean dress. it concluded that color schemes worked as cen-tral traits and colors of Chima and structures worked as peripheral traits in the formation of impression of the female clothed in Korean dress. hence organizing our impressions with respect to the parts of the Korean dress in re-lation to the whole holistic perceptual pro-cess Gestalt approach was used and supported.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1999

It is known that the role of informal support for elderly women is critical to their physical and mental health, adjustment in old age, and their overall life satisfaction. Elderly women's situation such as social losses, widowhood, living alone, and geographic relocation etc. may result in a need for more informal supports for elderly women's health than ever before. Particularly, women's same-sex friendships were rated higher for overall quality, intimacy, enjoyment, and nurturance. Unlike a generally accepted notion that later life for women is a time of isolation and loneliness, elderly women tend to maintain and reestablish their friendship regardless their marital status and living situation. Although studies on informal support for elderly women were inconclusive in many ways, elderly women's friendship tends to be stable despite of changing health status and life events. The relative importance between daughters and friends was also controversial. This study suggests that more research with reliable measurements is necessary for the practical prevention and intervention program of elderly women's health on this issue.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.125-138
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was first to investigate the positive-and the negative function of friendship perceived by adolescents second to examine the difference of these two function s by adolescents' gender and grade and third to evaluate adolescents' adjustment to school according to the positive-and the negative function of friendship. For these purposes and empirical survey data was gathered from 988 junior higher- and high school students in Inchon city. Three factors of the positive function and three other factors of the negative function of friendship were constructed as results of factor analyses. There six factors were correlated one another and were significantly different by adolescents' gender and grade. Lastly adolescents' adjustment to school was significantly different by the positive function of friendship.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to examine the characteristics of friendship among the elderly, particularly the relationships between the functions of friendship, the degree of satisfaction with friendship, and subjective well-being. Written questionnaires completed by 244 the new-elderly(95men, mean age 60.02 years/ 149women, mean 62.04 years) were analyzed. As a result, the main findings of our study were: First, Among men, the duration of friendship was longer than among women. The most common initial acquaintance among men were co-workers, followed by schoolmates and old playmates, while friends made through leisure and volunteer activities or in the neighborhood were more common for women. Second, Factor analysis revealed the following two factors: 'trust and support', and 'companionship'. Among both men and women, the degree of satisfaction with friendship was positively correlated with subjective well-being, and the study suggested that the level of 'trust and support' influenced the degree of satisfaction with friendship. And expand the scale, because the future looked at the gender gap in the center is considered that there is a need for comparative studies specific age groups.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.38-51
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• 1991

This study investigated (1) the relation of aggressiveness to the outcome of conflict, intentional attribution, predicted response, and (2) friendship as a variable affecting intentional attribution and predicted response. The subjects are 78 fifth grade boys selected from a public elementary school located in Seoul. The children were individually tested by the researcher who read the items to the child. Dodge and Somberg's aggression questionnaire and Dodge and Frame's conflict outcome of ambiguosly intended stories were modified for use in this study. The instigator of aggression in the stories was classified as friend or non-friend and aggressive non-friend or nonaggressive non-friend. Two-way analyses of variance involving one between-subjects factor (aggression of subject) and one within-subjects factor (instigator combination) were performed on children's responses to three of the scales (hostile, neutral, positive). The results show that (1) there were differences in intentional attribution to the children's aggressiveness, regardless of the friendship status of the instigator, and (2) the predicted response to aggressiveness varied with type of instigator.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.419-432
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine that marital conflict, maternal parenting behavior, and a child's friendship quality varied as a function of bully/victim groups. A sample of 227 elementary school children and their mothers participated in the study. Children answered questionnaires regarding maternal parenting behavior, friendship quality, and bullying/victimization and mothers rated their marital conflict. The data were analyzed by frequencies, factor analysis, one-way ANOVAs, and Duncan's post-hoc analyses. The bully/victim distribution was 8.4% bullies, 7.9% victims, 4.4% bully-victims, and 79.3% normative contrasts when reported by children themselves and 9.3% bullies, 4.8% victims, 5.3% bully-victims, and 80.6% normative contrasts when reported by peers. Bullies and bully-victims experienced higher marital conflict than normative contrasts. Bully-victims perceived higher maternal warmth than bullies and both bullies and victims perceived higher maternal rejection/punishment than normative contrasts. Victims perceived their mothers to be more permissive/neglected than normative contrasts, and bully-victims perceived them to be more overprotective than both bullies and normative contrasts. Both bullies and bully-victims showed higher negative function of friendship quality than victims.