• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.46-57
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• 1999

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is important medicinal plant but requires 4-year cultivation for root harvest because of slow growth. In contrast, ginseng callus and hairy roots grow vigorously and may Produce the same or more biologically active compounds for human health than natural ginseng roots. Therefore, ginseng callus and hairy roots can be used for commercial purposes. Polyacetylene, one of anti-cancer compounds in ginseng, was not detected in the callus cultured on the medium containing 2, 4-B, but cells derived from the callus growth was excellent, The ginseng calli cultured on the medium containing 2mg11 CPA and 0.05mg/1 BA was grown vigorously and produced panaxydol, one of ginseng polyacetylene. The biosynthesis of polyacetylene in callus was not affected by addition of NAA and sucrose in media. The SH medium was better than the MS medium for ginseng callus growth and biosynthesis of panaxydol. Another ginseng anti-cancer compounds, ginsenoside-Rg$_3$, Rh$_1$and Rh$_2$ were detected in ginseng hairy roots by heat treatment. Those of Panax ginseng were obtained after root disks of three-year old roots were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes Rl000 $A_4$T in dark condition after one month of culture. The optimum growth of hairy roots was achieved in the culture of 1/2 MS liquid medium in dark(22$^{\circ}C$) under 60 rpm gyratory shaking. Hairy roots grew well in 5 ι Erlenmeyer flasks, 1ι roller drums, 10ι jar-fermenters, and especially in 20ι air-lift .culture vessels. All heat treatments had remarkably different ginsenoside contents. Eleven ginsenosides were determined in heat treatment, eight in freeze dried hairy roots. Contents of ginsenoside-Rbl , Rb2, Rc, Rd. Re, Rf, and Rg$_1$tested in all heat treatments were less than those of freeze dried hairy roots. Contents of glnsenoside-Rg$_2$ in heat treatment for 1 hour at 105$^{\circ}C$ was 4.92mg/g dry wt, 3.9 times higher than 1.27 mg/g dry wt of freeze dried hairy roots. The optimum condition of heat treatment for the production of ginsenoside-Rg$_3$and Rhl was 2 hours at 105$^{\circ}C$, and ginsenoside content was 2.58mg/g dry wt and 3.62mg/g dry wt, respectively. The production of ginsenoside-Rh2 was the highest in heat treatment for 2 hours at 105$^{\circ}C$ among treatments examined, and ginsenoside-Rh$_2$content was 1.08mg/g dry wt.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

Vitamin A palmitate, an oily drug which has low chemical stability and is poorly absorbed in the intestine, was formulated into a novel powdered dosage form. This is designated as a redispersible dry emulsion by freeze-drying technique. Before preparing a dry emulsion, vitamin A palmitate oil in solid in water (O/S/W) emulsion with soybean oil and coconut oil using Aerosil 200 as an emulsion stabilizer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-blockcopolymer (Pluronic F68) as a surfactant was prepared. The resultants of the stability tests indicated that vitamin A palmitate O/S/W emulsion was improved on increasing the oil content of the formulation. The resultant dry emulsion particles have a good stabilities and free flow properties and readily released the oily droplets to form stable emulsions on rehydration. The drug releasing property from the resultant dry emulsion particles was dependent on factors such as amount of oily carrier(soybean oil) and surfactant(Pluronic F68) formulated. Above 80% of vitamin A palmitate content was released from the dry emulsion for 1 hour. It was deduced that vitamin A palmitate dry emulsion was definitely suitable for oral administration, since small droplets of vitamine A palmitate from the dry emulsion may alter the drug absorption profile resulting in bioavailability enhancement.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1465-1470
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• 2011

In this study, a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres was fabricated using emulsion solvent evaporation technique. During the procedure fabrication, some parameters process have effected on the formation of micro-carriers. The structure and morphology of micro-carriers were evaluated by SEM observation. Beside, heparin incorporated into microspheres was determined using toluidine blue method. Specifically, the effects of some parameters process such as ultrasonic levels, PLGA concentrations and freeze-dry times on the size, structure, porous formation and heparin entrapment of micro-carriers were studied carefully. We found that, the morphology and structure of carriers were influenced by the all above parameters. The diameter of the carriers varied from 20 to 400 ${\mu}M$ depending on experimental conditions. At suitable freeze-dry time, the pores were automatically formation on surface of microspheres with a significantly in the numbers of pore. After heparin incorporated porous PLGA microspheres, it was suggested that the highly heparin incorporated into porous PLGA microspheres could enhance of angiogenesis for tissue regeneration easily.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.797-803
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• 2009

The effects of drying methods on the browning and moisture sorption characteristics of Rubus coreanus were studied. Fruits were steamed for 5 min at $100^{\circ}C$, dried by sun drying, infrared drying, or freeze drying, and powdered to a size of 20 mesh. Color values were measured and equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) were determined at $20^{\circ}C$, over a range of water activity ($a_w$) from 0.11 to 0.90. The browning indices $L^*$ and $a^*$ values were higher and lower, respectively, in freeze-dried Rubus coreanus compared with other samples. The $b^*$ value was greatest in freeze-dried Rubus coreanus. EMC tended to increase with increasing $a_w$ values, and a particularly sharp increment was observed above 0.75 $a_w$. The EMC of freeze-dried Rubus coreanus was significantly higher compared with the EMC of sun-dried and infrared-dried fruit at constant aw. The moisture sorption isotherms showed a typical sigmoid shape, and the Halsey, Kuhn, and Oswin models were the best fits for the sun-dried, infrared-dried, and freeze-dried powder isotherms, respectively. With respect to monolayer moisture content, the Guggenheim-Anderson-Boer (GAB) equation showed that the various drying methods yielded very different results, with monolayer moisture contents of 0.005 g $H_2O/g$ dry solid in infrared-dried and 0.019 g $H_2O/g$ dry solid in sun- and freeze-dried powders, respectively. These results indicate that the drying method affects the browning and moisture sorption characteristics of Rubus coreanus.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.35
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• pp.45-55
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• 2014

The small dining tables which are made of bamboo were deteriorated condition when those were excavated from Mado shipwreck No.1. Therefore, preliminary test was conducted for consolidation (Sucrose, Dammar gum, Cetyl alcohol and Polyethylene glycol 4000) then impregnated and vacuum freeze dried. After the test, since the treatment with vacuum freeze drying using an aqueous solution of PEG 4000 keep the shape well the most and present bright colour, waterlogged archaeological bamboo conserved with vacuum freeze drying using an aqueous solution of PEG 4000. One bamboo table consolidated with soluble PEG 4000 from 10% to 40%, then vacuum freeze dried. Another impregnated with soluble PEG 4000 from 10% to 70%. After that, it was separated and held in polycarbonate sheet for preventing bending during dry. The small dining tables are the three dimensional shapes and have some loss. Therefore the mounting for support tables were necessary which are made of acrylic sheet. It keep the table shape and make it convenient for storage and handling.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.616-622
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• 2004

Liposome powders were prepared by a freeze-drying method for the application to the field of drug carrier. The effect of maltose as a liposome stabilizer was studied on the stability and the drug-loading efficiency of the freeze-dried liposome powders. The particle size of liposomes before and after freeze-drying was determined to evaluate the liposome stability. The drug-loading efficiency was measured by Fluorescence spectrophotometer using calcein as a model drug. When maltose was added after the preparation of the liposomes, the liposomes was stable, compared to the case of maltose addition at the hydration procedure. By the addition of maltose, the liposome was stable for 30 days at $4{\sim}37^{\circ}C$, while the particle size of the liposome without maltose increased with time. The liposome showed relatively high stability when the maltose/lipids molar ratio was 3 and 6.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.1412-1419
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• 2005

Preventing the infiltration of rainwater into the landfill site is the main purpose of the final cover in landfill sites. Compacted clay layer or geomembrain have been used as a conventional landfill final cover. But they have several disadvantages when damages might occur due to puncturing, differential settlement and desiccation or freeze and thaw. For this reason, as an alternative method SRSL(Self Recovering Sustainable Liner) has been developed. Adopting the precipitation reaction of two chemical material, by forming precipitates that fill the pores, and lower the overall permeability of the liner. The advantage of this method is that when fracture of the liner occurs the remaining reactants of the two layers form precipitates that fill the fracture and recover the low permeability of the liner. In this study, the recovering ability of the SRSL with a crack due to the seasonal variation or differential settlements was investigated by permeability tests. And in order to estimate the durability of the SRSL after freeze/thaw and desiccation, uniaxial compression strength tests were performed.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.115-130
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• 2004

Plant-based cultural assets using straw and grass as household goods of our people's have been used as indispensable tools for practical living for a very long time. However, only a limited number of artifacts were unearthed so far due to tile fragility of the material. For this reason, research on plant-based cultural properties had close to no progress, and the appropriateness of the PEG method, high-grade alcohol method, alcohol--ether-resin method, and Paraloid B-72 used in preserving plant-based cultural properties has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study examined the weight change rate by applying the methods of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying used mostly as a earth-layer hardening material among PEG and acrylic resin, which are applied widely for preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood, as a means to preserve plant-based cultural properties along with the examination of the subject material, and an experiment was also performed on moisture absorption. The findings as a result were, first, the plant-based material being studied was found to be Typha (Typha orientalis Presl). Secondly, the weight change experiment applying $PEG\#400$ and $PEG\#4000$ confirmed a steady increase of weight if PEG -2Step is used for treatment. Third, in preserving all subject materials with soil, treatment with $PEG\#4000$, Primal MC-76, and vacuum freeze-drying showed that tile vacuum freeze-drying method resulted in the largest or $20\%$ reduction in weight, while Primal MC-76 resulted in $18\%$ and $PEG\#4000$ in $8\%$ of weight reduction. It was concluded that, considering the stability of soil measurement, this came to be because resin permeation was carried out along with tile drying process. Fourth, the weight changes were found to be around $10\%$ in various humidity conditions after the preservation treatment. The greatest weight change rate was seen in the case of $PEG\#4000$, particularly having chemicals gush out in a high humidity (RH $84\%$ or higher) environment. In the case of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying methods, $6\~8\%$ weight changes were detected, and the lowest weight change was found in the case of the vacuum freeze-drying method. Fifth, as for color changes after treatment, blackening occurred most strongly with $PEG\#4000$, while Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying manifested colors closest to dry straw or grass. However, the texture of straw was not very evident in the case of Primal MC-76, due to a glossy surface, but vacuum freeze-drying was found to offer tile best result in terms of texture. Putting together the results of the above experiments, vacuum freeze-drying presented after being treated with PEG2-Step the most stabilized changes in weight, while it offered the smallest change in color as well.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate drying methods for keeping freshness and active components of aerial part of Saururus chinensis. Chopped samples were prepared using hot air drying, hot air drying + roasting, presteamed + hot air drying, freeze drying, and sun drying. Drying time was shorter $88{\sim}93%$ in hot air drying and freeze drying than in sun drying. Percentage of dry matter was higher in the order of freeze drying > sun drying > hot air drying, and moisture content in the order of sun drying > hot air drying > freeze drying. The contents of total phenolics and quercetin related substances were greater in the order of freeze drying > hot air drying > sun drying, while were decreased due to treatments before or after hot air drying. Electron donating ability (EDA) was highest in freeze drying, and showed a little difference between hot air drying and sun drying, but was increased because of treatments before or after hot air drying. In color values, the a value was lower in the order of freeze drying < hot air drying < sun drying. The contents of active components of plant parts of hot air dried were higher in the order of flower >leaf > chopped sample > stem. EDA showed similar tendency with those. The a value was lower in the order of leaf < chopped sample < flower < stem. As a result, freeze drying of chopped samples or hot air drying of leaf and flower were effective to maintain qualities of aerial part of Saururus chinensis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.747-752
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• 2006

This study developed gasiogapidduk to increase the functional value and flavor of traditional Baiksulgi by adding gasiogapi powder. Powdered nonglutinous rice was mixed with powdered leaves (1%, 2%, 3%), powdered stems roots (1%, 3%, 5%), and powdered freeze-dried root extracts (5%, 10%, 15%) of Acanthopanax senticosus, known as the second ginseng, in order to find the combination ratio optimal to the senses. Sensory evaluation and texture characteristic evaluation of gasiogapidduk were used to develop a functional rice cake appealing to the largest number of people. Sensory evaluation consisted of evaluating color, smell, taste and texture, preference quality which reflects overall appeal. Texture characteristics were evalauated on hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness and gumminess. As a result, AE5 mixed with 5% powdered freeze-dried Acanthopanax senticosus extract proved to be the most desirable in both sensory evaluation and texture characteristics.