• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2003년도 학술.기술논문발표회
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• pp.13.2-17
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• 2003

When fresh concrete is exposed to low temperature, the concrete may suffer frost damage due to freezing at early ages and strength development may be delayed. One of the solution methods to resolve these problems is to lower freezing temperature of concrete by the use of chemical admixture called Accelerators for Freeze Protection. In this study, it was the results of appling cold weather concrete using Accelerator for Freeze Protection in the Daewoo Trump world field. Before the application of the cold weather concrete using accelerator for freeze protection, we executed the some test in the laboratory and mock-up test in the field. We examined the manifestation of compressive strength complying with the amount of Accelerators for Freeze Protection and curing conditions, and then made a selection of most suitable amount of Accelerators for Freeze Protection.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.631-636
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• 2008

Solar thermal systems are recently refocused by higher oil prices, but did not completely restore the people's confidence owing to the past bad systems. Several types of solar water heating systems were analyzed in characteristics and some proper systems were proposed under Korean climates and system scale. As a small system, natural circulation system should be installed only in a southern region of Korea, with a freeze protection valve instead of heating coil for freeze protection. In most area of Korea, the forced circulation type with a heat exchange coil inside a thermal storage tank or with a spiral-jacketed storage tank, proposed and verified by the authors, has a merit of stable performance and freeze protection.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2011

In the present work, a new freeze protection method has been proposed for a natural circulation system of solar water heater. Though electrothermal wire is popularly used for the purpose, there are freezing troubles by wire cut-off and excessive electric power consumption. In the experimental device, hot water in a storage tank was circulated by a small pump and used to heat the outdoor pipes if the cold water pipe surface temperature falls lower than a set point. As a result, It was observed that there was no hot water waste while the solar water heating system operated without freeze and burst.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2003

This study is to investigate the temperature hysteresis and development of compressive strength due to the curing conditions and to evaluate the optimum curing condition of test specimens showing the same development of strength to that of real structures in cold weather. The results of temperature curve with curing conditions in mock-up tests showed the trend of decrease plain concrete with insulation form, plain concrete with heating, concrete with accelerator for freeze protection, and control concrete in turn. The strength development of plain concrete of inside and outside of shelter showed the very slow strength gains due to early freezing, but that of concrete with accelerator for freeze protection showed the gradual increase of strength with time. From this, it is clear that accelerator for freeze protection has the effects of refusing the freezing temperature and accelerating the hardening under low temperature. Strength test results of small specimens embedded in members and located in insulation boxes at the site are similar to that of cores drilled from the members at the same ages, thus it is clear that these curing methods are effective for evaluating in-place concrete strength

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2011

In the present work, a new freeze protection method has been proposed for a natural circulation system of solar water heater. Though electrothermal wire is popularly used for the purpose, there are freezing troubles by wire cut-off and shortage of excessive electric power consumption. In the experimental device, hot water in storage tank was used to heat the outlet pipe from the tank if the pipe surface temperature falls lower than a set point. The cold water pipe to the storage tank was installed to directly contact the hot water pipe surface temperature rose by transferred heat.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2017년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.84-85
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• 2017

In this study, the development and application of concrete using accelerator for freeze protection is presented. As a result, physical properties of concrete using antifreeze admixture were no significant differences compared to ordinary portland cement.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2022년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.314-316
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• 2022

수도계량기는 사용자가 사용하는 물의 양을 계측하는 기기로 계량안정성 관리가 필요하다. 하지만 겨울철 한파로 인해 계량기 내부의 물이 얼음으로 상변화하며 약 9%의 체적이 커지게 되며 계량기의 파손이 발생된다. 기존 동파방지용 수도미터 동파방지 기술은 크게 세 가지로 보호통 내부에 열을 공급하는 방법, 단열을 위한 수도미터 외부 보호방법, 수도계량기에 동파방지 장치를 설치하는 방법으로 나뉜다. 기술개발 제품의 상용화를 위하여 구조를 최대한 변형시키지 않으며 외부전원이 필요하지 않은 기술을 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 따라서, 영하의 온도에서 수도계량기에 가해지는 내부압력을 해석하여 동파 취약부위를 확인하고 파손을 방지하기 위해 내부 압력을 감소시킬 수 있는 동파방지 효과가 우수한 수도계량기를 개발하고자 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1227-1233
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• 2008

The effect of freeze drying and fixatives in post-treating freeze drying on the morphological properties of the rose (Rosa hybrida L.) petal were investigated for the production of high quality of freeze dried rose. The morphology including form and color of the dried flowers of cut rose were depended on the drying methods. The drying time was extended due to their density and water content, and was shorter in the freeze drying than that in the natural and hot air drying. Freeze dried process for dried flowers took 2 days in a freeze dryer and did not cause shrinkage or toughening of rose petal being dried, preserving its natural shape and color. The diameter of freeze dried flowers showed little reduction compared to fresh flowers. In Hunter color values of petals of freeze dried flowers, L and a values were high and showed little variations in comparison to fresh petals. Freeze drying led to a noticeable increase in anthocyanin contents in petals, suggesting that anthocyanin contents play an important role in the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Exposure of flowers to freeze drying was accompanied by an increase in the carotenoid content. In the post-treating freeze drying, epoxy resin, a fixative, applied alone or in combination to petals of freeze dried flowers showed efficient coating for the protection from humidity and sunlight. Combined application of epoxy and acetone to freeze dried petals permitted maintenance of natural color and excellent tissue morphology, showing color stability and shiny texture in surface of petals. These findings suggest that application of fixatives to freeze dried rose petals improves the floral preservation and epoxy coating provides good quality in the freeze dried flower product.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.942-948
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• 2002

콘크리트의 초기동해는 응결과정이거나 종결 후에도 충분한 강도발현이 되지 않은 단계에서 콘크리트중의 수분이 동결함에 따라 발생하는데, 초기동해를 방지하기 위해서는 콘크리트가 동결하기 이전에 일정강도를 조기에 발휘하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서, 이에 대한 많은 대처방안이 제시되고 있는데, 최근에는 내한촉진제를 사용하는 방법이 검토되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 내한촉진제를 혼합한 콘크리트의 실무 활용 가능성을 검토할 목적으로 콘크리트 단계에 앞서 모르터 단계에서 내한촉진제의 동결온도, 응결시간 및 염화물량 등을 측정하고, 아울러 정온 및 변온조건에서 양생한 모르터의 강도특성도 검토함으로서 내한 촉진제를 사용한 한중콘크리트의 개발에 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 내한촉진제를 혼합한 모르터의 동결온도는 내한촉진제의 사용량이 증가할수록 낮아지는 반면, 촉진형 감수제의 경우는 동결온도 저하에 거의 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 응결특성은 양생온도가 낮을수록, 내한촉진제의 응결촉진 효과가 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. 염화물량은 공히 KS F 4009의 관리규준을 만족하고 있었다. 강도증진성상은 내한촉진제를 혼합한 경우, 로지스틱 곡선식을 이용한 강도증진해석 결과와 거의 유사한 것으로 나타난 반면, 정온조건으로 영하5$^{\circ}C$이고, plain과 촉진형 감수제를 사용한 경우는 강도증진해석 결과의 표준오차가 상대적으로 매우 크게 나타나, 강도증진해석을 목적으로 사용되는 로지스틱 곡선이나 적산온도와 압축강도의 관계에서 적용성이 매우 적은 것으로 평가되었다. 한편 내한촉진제를 혼합한 모르터의 압축강도가 5.0 N/$\textrm{mm}^2$을 발휘하게 되는 적산온도는 각각 20~30$^{\circ}$CD(K), 30~40$^{\circ}$CD(B), 40$^{\circ}$CD(S)이후인 것과 같이 내한촉진제의 종류에 따라 크게 상이한 것으로 나타났다. 정온 및 변온양생조건에 따른 한중콘크리트의 압축강도는 동일 적산온도라 할지라도 정온조건보다는 변온조건이 더 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1599-1604
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• 2022

Storage stability of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria is a critical factor for their cost-effectiveness. Long-term storage of lactic acid bacteria enables microbial industry to reduce distribution costs. Herein, we investigated the effect of cold adaptation under supercooling conditions at -5℃ on the viability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides WiKim32 during the freeze-drying process and subsequent storage. Cold adaptation increased the thickness of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and improved the viability of freeze-dried Leu. mesenteroides WiKim32. Compared to non-adapted cells, cold-adapted cells showed a 35.4% increase in EPS thickness under supercooling conditions. The viability of EPS-hydrolyzed cells was lower than that of untreated cells, implying that EPS plays a role in protection during the freeze-drying process. Cold adaptation increased the storage stability of freeze-dried Leu. mesenteroides WiKim32. Fifty-six days after storage, the highest viability (71.3%) was achieved with cold adaptation at -5℃. When EPS-containing broth was added prior to the freeze-drying process, the viability further increased to 82.7%. These results imply that cold adaptation by supercooling pretreatment would be a good strategy for the long-term storage of Leu. mesenteroides WiKim32.