• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2016

The main purpose of the current study was to compare quality of eggs 1) produced from hens housed in battery cages vs. free range, 2) from young vs. old hens, and 3) tagged with the lowest vs. the highest price in a local franchised mart. The ages of hens, at which their eggs were used for the analysis of quality, were 70 weeks old in the experiment 1, 22 and 47 weeks old in the experiment 2, and were unknown in the experiment 3. Eggs were analyzed for weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell color, shell strength, shell thickness, shell weight, yolk color, yolk weight, and egg white weight. In the experiment 1, significant differences were detected between two housing systems in shell color, shell weight, yolk color, and yolk weight (P<0.05), but not in egg weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell strength, shell thickness, and egg white weight (P>0.05). Although egg weight was slightly but not significantly higher in battery cages by 2.2 g than in free range, yolk weight was significantly higher in battery cage (P<0.05). On the contrary, shell color was greatly increased in free range system by 68.5% compared with battery cage. In the experiment 2, there were significant differences between young and old hens in egg weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell strength, shell weight, yolk color and yolk weight (P<0.05). Egg weight, shell weight, yolk color and yolk weight were increased in old hens than young hens while albumen height, Haugh unit, and shell strength were decreased. In the experiment 3, egg weight, albumen height, Haugh unit, shell weight, and egg white weight were significantly higher in the highest priced eggs than the lowest ones (P<0.05), whereas shell strength and yolk color were lower (P<0.05) but shell color, shell thickness and yolk weight were not different (P>0.05). So, egg freshness was clearly higher in the highest priced ones than in the lowest (P<0.05). Due to the limited information on raising and husbandry of laying hens whose eggs were tested for egg quality in the current study, the present results should be cautiously interpreted while contributing to the future study as a basis in this field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.113-132
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• 2005

With the demand for free-range products increasing and the pressure on the intensive poultry industry to improve poultry welfare especially in western countries, the number of free-range poultry farms has increased significantly. The USA, Australia and European countries have developed Codes of Practice for free-range poultry farming which detail the minimum standards of husbandry and welfare for birds. However, the performance and liveability of free-range birds needs to be improved and more knowledge is required on bird husbandry, feed supply, disease control and heat wave management. This review examines the husbandry, welfare, nutrition and disease issues associated with free-range poultry systems and discusses the potential of incorporating free-range poultry into a crop-pasture rotation system.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 1993

The hemolytic characteristics of amphotericin B-containing liposomes have been investigated in vitro. From the hemolysis of human erythrocytes against free and liposomal amphotericin B, the marked reduction in the toxicity of amphotericin B was observed by incorporating the drug in egg PC liposomes. For 45 min, free amphotericin B at $9.6\;{\mu}g/ml$ could completely lyse 2 wt% human erythrocytes. However, liposomal amphotericin B had essentially no lytic effect even in the range over $9.6\;{\mu}g/ml$. In the 66 hr-hemolysis experiment, liposomal amphotericin B showed the slowly hemolysing chracteristics during the experimental period regardless of the concentration of amphotericin B but rapid hemolysis only for 12 hr was observed in the case of free amphotericin B and the degree of hemolysis for 12 hr was maintained after that time. Also the hemolysing ability of liposomal amphotericin B at $4\;{\mu}g/ml$ was lower than that of free amphotericin B at the same concentration for 66 hr. On the other hand, the dependence of hemolysis on amphotericin B contents in egg PC liposomes was significant between 1.64 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes and 15.79 or 27.27 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes. But no marked difference in hemolysis was observed between 15.79 and 27.27 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes. Especially, cholesterol as an excipient in amphotericin B-containing liposomes significantly reduced the hemolysis of human erythrocyte. The degree of hemolysis in 5 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes was reduced to approximately 50% of value in the cholesterol-free liposomes by adding 50% cholesterol.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2017

본 연구는 국내 산란계 동물복지 인증농가의 사육형태(무창, 개방, 방사)와 품종별(Hy-Line, Lohmann) 생산성과 질병발생에 대한 기초자료를 수집하기 위해 수행하였다. 초산일령은 무창 151일, 개방과 방사형 계사에서 각각 141일령이었으며, 각 계사의 산란피크는 91.8%, 92.9% 및 86.3%이었다. 사육형태에 따른 18~37주령 산란율은 무창, 개방, 방사에서 각각 70.9%, 77.4% 및 65.6%였으며, 32~36주령 산란율은 91.9%, 90.1% 및 76.2%였다. 평균 오 파란율은 무창, 개방, 방사형 계사에서 각각 2.84%, 1.15% 및 0.23%로 나타났다. 개방계사의 폐사율이 다른 사육형태에 비해 낮았다. Hy-Line의 초산일령은 155일, Lohmanndms 157일이었으며, 산란피크는 각각 92.9%(252일)와 97.2%(237일)이었다. 품종에 따른 평균 산란율은 Hy-Line 83.7%, Lohmann 76.9%였다. Hy-Line의 폐사율은 Lohmann종에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 난중, Haugh unit 및 난황색은 방사형 계사에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). ND의 항체역가는 개방계사에서 낮았으며, IB와 APV의 항체역가는 3농가 모두 높게 나타났다. SG, SE, SP, FAdV 및 ILT는 사육형태에 따른 세 농가에서 검출되지 않았다. 국내 산란계 동물복지 인증농가는 증가하는 반면 산란계 동물복지 인증농가의 사육형태에 따른 자료들은 매우 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구는 산란계 동물복지 인증농가의 사육형태별 생산성 및 질병발생에 대해 분석한 자료이며, 향후 국내 동물복지 인증을 받은 산란계 농장의 생산성 향상 및 질병예방을 위한 기초자료로서 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

본 연구는 국내 산란계 동물복지 인증 농가의 세 가지 사육시스템(무창, 개방, 평사+방사)의 현황을 조사하여, 현재 산란계 동물복지에 대한 실태 파악을 위해 수행되었다. 방문조사는 25곳의 산란계 동물복지 인증 농가를 대상으로 수행되었으며, 유통현황 조사는 10곳을 대상으로 수행되었다. 산란계 동물복지 인증 농가의 주된 품종은 하이라인 브라운 품종이었다. 개방계사의 경우, 자연농법과 판넬 사육이 동시에 이루어지고 있었으나, 판넬 계사의 비율이 58.3%로 자연농법 계사에 비해 증가된 추세였다. 모든 무창 계사는 판넬로 제작되었으며, 15,000수 이상 키우고 있었다. 방사계사의 경우, 12,000수 미만의 적은 수의 규모로 사육하고 있었다. 사육밀도는 조사 농가의 56%가 7~8수/$m^2$로 사육하고 있었다. 암수 비율을 보면, 대부분의 농가에서 보통 15:1이나 17:1이나 20:1로 바꾸는 농가도 나타났다. 1일 사료급여량은 110~170 g이며, 150 g이상 급여 농가가 조사 농가 중 32%로서 사료 허실이 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 산란생산성은 시산일령이 개방 123일, 무창 122일, 방사 120일이었으며, 사육시스템별 산란피크는 개방 91.8%, 무창 94.9%, 방사 86.5%이었다. 평균산란율은 개방 74.0%, 무창 84.6%, 방사 72.7%로 무창계사의 산란율이 가장 높은 편이었으며, 산란지수는 개방 271개, 무창 281개, 방사 239개로서 사료섭취량과 산란지수와는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 복지인증 계란의 유통은 소비자와의 직거래나 계약 생산이 주류를 이루고 있었다. 유통 비율은 복지인증 계란이 일반 계란에 비하여 대형마트나 친환경전문판매점과 직거래 비율이 높았다. 평사란과 방사란 모두 계약 판매의 비율이 높았으며, 택배 판매농가의 비율도 높았다. 평사란은 택배를 제외하고 2017년 하반기(AI 이후)에 30원 이상 가격이 상승하였다. 방사란은 택배를 제외하고 2017년 하반기에 50원 이상 가격이 상승하였다. 택배의 경우 AI 전후 동일하게 500원을 유지하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과는 국내 실정에 맞는 산란계 동물복지 인증 제도의 개선을 위한 기초자료로 이용될 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.584-591
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• 2012

To evaluate the role of using forage, shade and shelterbelts in attracting birds into the range, three trials were undertaken with free range layers both on a research facility and on commercial farms. Each of the trials on the free range research facility in South Australia used a total of 120 laying hens (Hyline Brown). Birds were housed in an eco-shelter which had 6 internal pens of equal size with a free range area adjoining the shelter. The on-farm trials were undertaken on commercial free range layer farms in the Darling Downs in Southeast Queensland with bird numbers on farms ranging from 2,000-6,800 hens. The first research trial examined the role of shaded areas in the range; the second trial examined the role of forage and the third trial examined the influence of shelterbelts in the range. These treatments were compared to a free range area with no enrichment. Aggressive feather pecking was only observed on a few occasions in all of the trials due to the low bird numbers housed. Enriching the free range environment attracted more birds into the range. Shaded areas were used by 18% of the hens with a tendency (p = 0.07) for more hens to be in the paddock. When forage was provided in paddocks more control birds (55%) were observed in the range in morning than in the afternoon (30%) while for the forage treatments 45% of the birds were in the range both during the morning and afternoon. When shelterbelts were provided there was a significantly (p<0.05) higher % of birds in the range (43% vs. 24%) and greater numbers of birds were observed in areas further away from the poultry house. The results from the on-farm trials mirrored the research trials. Overall 3 times more hens used the shaded areas than the non shaded areas, with slightly more using the shade in the morning than in the afternoon. As the environmental temperature increased the number of birds using the outdoor shade also increased. Overall 17 times more hens used the shelterbelt areas than the control areas, with slightly more using the shelterbelts in the afternoon than in the morning. Approximately 17 times more birds used the forage areas compared to the control area in the corresponding range. There were 8 times more birds using a hay bale enriched area compared to the area with no hay bales. The use of forage sources (including hay bales) were the most successful method on-farm to attract birds into the range followed by shelterbelts and artificial shade. Free range egg farmers are encouraged to provide pasture, shaded areas and shelterbelts to attract birds into the free range.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Pidan and salted duck eggs are of nutritional rich alternative duck egg products which are predominantly consumed in China, Thailand, South Korea and other Chinese migrated countries. Both eggs are rich in proteins, lipids, unsaturated fatty acids and minerals. A Pidan whole egg contains 13.1% of protein, 10.7% of fat, 2.25% of carbohydrate and 2.3% of ash, whereas the salted duck egg contains 14% of protein, 16.6% of fat, 4.1% of carbohydrate and 7.5% of ash. The fresh duck egg contains a range of 9.30-11.80% of protein, 11.40-13.52% of fat, 1.50-1.74% of sugar and 1.10-1.17% of ash. Proteins, lipids, and ash contents are found to be greatly enhanced during the pickling and salting process of pidan and salted duck eggs. However, the alkaline induced aggregation of pidan leads to degradation and subsequent generation of free peptides and amino acids. Very few amino acids are found to be lost during the pickling and storage. However, no such losses of amino acids are reported in salted duck eggs during the salting process of 14 d. Phospholipids and cholesterol contents are lower in pidan oil and salted duck egg yolk oil. Thus, the pidan and salted duck eggs are nutritionally rich alternatives of duck egg products which will benefit the human health during consumption.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2003

A liquid chromatographic method, using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is developed for the extraction of residual furazolidone in chicken eggs. Blank or fortified egg samples (0.5 g) were blended with Octadecylsilyl (Bulk $C_{18}$, 40${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, 18%. load, endcapped. 2 g) derivatized silica. After homogenization, $C_{18}$/egg and Na$_2$S $O_4$matrix were transferred to a column made of 10 ml glass syringe and filter paper and compressed 4.0∼4.5 ml volume. The column was washed with 8 ml of hexane and dried under $N_2$ gas. Furazolidone was eluted with acetonitrile (8 ml) under gravity. The eluate containing furazolidone was free from interfering compounds when analyzed by HPLC with UV detection (365 nm, photodiode array). Calibration curves were linear (r = 0.99985) and inter- (1.47%) and intra-assay (5.29%) variabilities for the concentration range examined (7.8∼497 ng/g of eggs, 20 ${mu}ell$ injection volume) were indicative of an acceptable methodology for the analysis of furazolidone. Average recovery of furazolidone added to egg was 96.2%. The limit of detection for the proposed method was 1 ng/g for furazolidone. The method using MSPD is proposed as an alternative assay to the classical method which involves the use of large volumes of a harmful solvent and requires a long tedious separation and clean-up processes prior to its determination.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.374-384
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• 2020

Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and ileal digestible amino acid (AA) content of brown rice (BR) and to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of BR on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 72 Hy-line Brown layers (49-week-old) were allocated to two treatments using a completely randomized block design, and each treatment included six cages per treatment and six hens per cage. A semi-purified diet was formulated to include BR as the sole source of AA and energy and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous loss of AA. The hens were fed a commercial layer diet for adaptation to the experimental environment and diet for 7 days from d 0, and then fed experimental diets for 5 days from d 7. Excreta were collected from d 10 to 11 and ileal digesta were collected on d 12. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the AME and AMEn of BR was determined at 3,773 and 3,729 kcal/kg, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of BR ranged from 32.7% for Thr to 73.7% for Arg. The range of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) value was between 79.4% for Met and 96.6% for Lys. In Exp. 2, 252 Hy-line Brown layers (44-week-old) were divided into four groups, comprising seven replicates of nine birds each and assigned to four experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 5%, 10%, or 15% BR for 5 weeks. The BR-containing diets were formulated to be equal in the content of AMEn and digestible AA to those of the diet without BR. No significant differences were observed in laying performances. Egg quality and blood profiles were not linearly or quadratically affected by dietary treatments. These results suggest that up to 15% BR can be included into layer feed without any adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality, if its energy and digestible AA values are well evaluated.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 소비자의 계란 구매 형태와 산란계 동물복지에 대한 인지도를 조사하기 위하여 살충제 계란 파동 사태 전후 2차례에 걸쳐 수행되었다. 조사대상은 가정 내 계란 구입 주 결정권자 및 취식자인 전국 만 25~59세 여성과 만 25~35세의 1인 가구 남성을 대상으로 하였다. 조사방법은 웹조사(Computer Assisted Web Interview; CAWI) 방법과 Gang survey 방법으로 수행되었다. 계란 구매 시 주요 고려 요인에 대하여 '가격'을 고려한다는 응답이 모두 가장 높았으며, 2차 조사에서 '포장일자/제조일자'를 고려한다는 응답률이 증가하였다. 계란 10개의 적정 가격으로 '2,000~3,000원 미만' 응답 비율이 1와 2차 조사에서 각각 53.8%과 42.9%로 가장 높았으며, 적정 가격 평균은 각각 2,482원과 2,132원이었다. 국내 계란 소비자의 구매 장소에 대해 '대형마트'에서 구입한다는 응답 비율이 가장 높고, 다음으로 '중대형 슈퍼마켓', '체인 슈퍼마켓'의 순이었다. 동물복지 관련 인지도를 보면 2차 조사의 결과에서 인지 비율(73.5%)이 높아졌다. 동물복지 용어 인지 시기는 살충제 계란 파동 사태 이전 59.0%, 이후 41.0%였다. 동물복지 인증마크와 동물복지 축산농장 인증마크를 본 적이 있는지에 대해서는 처음 본다는 응답이 59.6%이며, 동물복지 인증마크를 알고 있다는 응답비율이 37.6%였다. 동물복지 사육시스템에 대하여 가장 현실적으로 적합한 동물복지형 계사로는 '방사형' 응답율이 85.8%로 가장 높았다. 동물복지 사육시스템 정보 제시 후 '방사형' 적합 응답은 34.2%p 감소한 반면, '평사형'과 '유럽형' 적합 응답은 각각 13.2%p와 24.1%p 증가하였다. 국내 소비자의 동물복지 인증 계란에 대한 인지 및 취식경험에 대하여 '본 적이 없다'는 감소한 반면, '본 적이 있다'와 '먹어 본 경험이 있다'는 응답은 모두 증가하였다. 백화점, 유기농 관련 협동조합, 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 동물복지 인증 계란을 구입했다는 응답이 일반 계란을 구입했다는 응답비율보다 높았다. 가격 제시 전 기준으로 전체 응답자 중 동물복지 계란을 구입할 의향은 92.0%이었으나, 동물복지 계란 가격을 제시후 구입 의향은 62.7%로 가격 제시 전 대비 약 30%p 감소하였다. 동물복지 인증 계란 구입 의향 이유로는 '식품 안전성이 높을 것 같아서' 응답이 71.0%로 가장 높고, 구입 의향이 없는 이유로는 '가격이 비쌀 것 같아서'가 38.1%로 가장 높았다. 동물복지 계란 관능평가 조사에서 일반 계란의 난각색과 껍질 촉감이 동물복지인증계란보다 유의하게 더 높은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.05), 삶은 계란은 동물복지인증계란의 흰자 색이 일반계란보다 더 밝은 것으로 인식되었다(P<0.05). 결과적으로, 본 연구결과는 동물복지 인증 농가들에게 소비자 인식에 대한 기초자료를 제공함으로써 산란계 동물복지 인증제도의 활성화에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.