• Composites Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2019

Sloshing impact loads on liquefied natural gas (LNG) carr iers are the main issue of damage to the insulation system in LNG cargo containment system (LNG CCS). The damage to the insulation system would be fatal in maintaining a temperature-savings environment in LNG CCS. The typical method is to enhance the insulation materials that can maintain a constant cryogenic temperature. Insulation materials consist of polyurethane foam and plywood, an adhesive for bonding these two materials. This study intends to improve the absorption energy of the material when the impact load is applied by creating a glass bubble/epoxy composite resin as part of the insulation. The experimental scenarios consider the effect of temperature ($20^{\circ}C$, $-163^{\circ}C$), glass bubble weight fraction in epoxy resin through free fall experiments. Experiments have shown that if the glass bubble additive reaches 20 wt.%, the cryogenic absorption energy is a maximum performance and that 0 wt.% has a maximum ambient absorption energy. However, the agglomeration has been occurred due to deterioration of the stirring performance if weight fraction was 20 wt.% and the result of 0 wt.% have been revealed that ambient absorption energy is significantly lower.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate pork quality from Hereford${\times}$Berkshire female and intact male pigs reared outdoors in an alternative production system. Methods: Berkshire purebred sows were artificially inseminated, once in the fall and again in the spring of the following year, with semen from Hereford boars and managed free of antibiotics in an outdoor hoop structure until the last month of pregnancy, after which they were moved to a pasture-based unit of 0.8 hectares with individual lots with a farrowing hut, shade, and water ad libitum. Piglets were weaned at 4 weeks of age and housed in a deep-bedded hoop structure, grouped by sex. Animals were harvested at market weight of 125 kg, approximately 200 days of age. Hot carcass weight was collected at the time of the harvest. After 24 hours of refrigeration, carcass characteristics were measured. Longissimus dorsi samples collected from the right side loin. Loins were cut into 2.54-cm thick chops and were used to measure marbling score, color score, drip loss, and ultimate pH. Sensory panel tests were conducted as well at North Carolina State University. For pork characteristics and sensory panel data, trial and sex were included in the statistical model as fixed effects. Hot carcass weight was included in the model as a covariate for backfat thickness. Results: Neither the subjective nor the objective color scores displayed any differences between the boars and the gilts. No difference was found for pH and marbling score between trials or sexes. Gilts had a thicker backfat measurement at the last lumbar and a narrower longissimus muscle area measurement when compared to the boars. The only difference in the sensory characteristics was found between the trials for texture and moisture scores. Conclusion: Consumers were not able to detect boar taint under the condition of this study, which is that the intact males were reared outdoors. Additional trials would be necessary; however, based on the results of the present study, outdoor rearing can be suggested as a solution to the issue of boar taint.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.943-953
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• 2021

The propagation of impact wave induced by landslide and debris flow occurred on the slope of lake, reservoir and bays is a three-dimensional natural phenomenon associated with strong interaction of debris flow and water flow in complex geometrical environments. We carried out 3D numerical modeling of such impact wave in a bay using a multiphase turbulence flow model and a rheology model for non-Newtonian debris flow. Numerical results are compared with previous experimental result to evaluate the performance of present numerical approach. The results underscore that the reasonable predictions of both thickness and speed of debris flow head penetrating below the water surface are crucial to accurately reproduce the maximum peak height and free surface profiles of impact wave. Two predictions computed using different initial debris flow thicknesses become different from the instant when the peaks of impact waves fall due to the gravity. Numerical modeling using relatively thick initial debris flow thickness appears to well reproduce the water surface profile of impact wave propagating across the bay as well as wave run-up on the opposite slope. The results show that the maximum run-up height on the opposite slope is not sensitive to the initial thickness of debris flows of same total volume. Meanwhile, appropriate rheology model for debris flow consisting of inviscid particle only should be employed to more accurately reproduce the debris flow propagating along the channel bottom.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.361-374
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• 2022

For this study, we designed and produced mulberry low-fat ice cream supplemented with synbiotics (MLF-ISS). The sensory characteristics and physical, chemical, and microbiological qualities of MLF-ISS were then determined. Mulberry juice inoculated with or without probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 926 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745) was also tested at 37℃ for 24 h to determine probiotic growth rate, pH, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Only the TAC of mulberry juice inoculated with S. boulardii CNCM I-745 increased considerably (p < 0.05) among these parameters. MLF-ISS was produced with varied mulberry fruit concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%) (w/w). The MLF-ISS prepared with 30% mulberry fruit (w/w) (30-MLF-ISS) had a higher score in appearance, color, and sweetness (p < 0.05) when sensory qualities were measured using the 9-point hedonic scale method. In the CIE lab system (L^*, a^*, b^*), the color values of 30-MLF-ISS were 27.80 ± 0.26, 12.99 ± 0.59, and 1.43 ± 0.05, respectively. The 30-MLF-ISS was also subjected to a proximate analysis. The melting rate of 30-MLF-ISS was 0.29 ± 0.03 g/min and the time it took for the first drop to fall was 37.00 ± 7.00 min. TAC, TPC, and AA of 30-MLF-ISS were observed to alter significantly (p < 0.05) during varied intervals of storage at - 18℃ (0, 30, and 60 days). The viability of probiotics in 30-MLF-ISS slightly decreased after storage at -18℃ for 8 weeks, but remained about 6 log CFU/g. During storage at -18℃ for 0 and 120 days, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in 30-MLF-ISS. These findings show that 30-MLF-ISS has nutritional and functional value, is free of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, is safe for consumers' health, and is suitable for application in the ice cream and related food industries.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

This paper studies the early-aged chloride binding capacity of various blended concretes including OPC(ordinary Portland cement), PFA(pulversied fly ash), GGBFS(ground granulated blast furnace slag) and SF(silica fume) cement paste. Cement pastes with 0.4 of a free water/binder ratio were cast with chloride admixed in mixing water, which ranged from 0.1 to 3.0% by weight of cement and different replacement ratios for the PFA, GGBFS and SF were used. The content of chloride in each paste was measured using water extraction method after 7 days curing. It was found that the chloride binding capacity strongly depends on binder type, replacement ratio and total chloride content. An increase in total chloride results in a decrease in the chloride binding, because of the restriction of the binding capacity of cement matrix. For the pastes containing maximum level of PFA(30%) and GGBFS(60%) replacement in this study, the chloride binding capacity was lower than those of OPC paste, and an increase in SF resulted in decreased chloride binding, which are ascribed to a latent hydration of pozzolanic materials and a fall in the pH of the pore solution, respectively. The chloride binding capacity at 7 days shows that the order of the resistance to chloride-induced corrosion is 30%PFA > 10%SF > 60%GGBFS > OPC, when chlorides are internally intruded in concrete. In addition, it is found that the binding behaviour of all binders are well described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.87-107
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• 2005

Land Remote Sensing' is defined as the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. Narrowly speaking, this is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. Remote sensing technology was initially developed with certain purposes in mind ie. military and environmental observation. However, after 1970s, as these high-technologies were taught to private industries, remote sensing began to be more commercialized. Recently, we are witnessing a 0.61-meter high-resolution satellite image on a free market. While privatization of land remote sensing has enabled one to use this information for disaster prevention, map creation, resource exploration and more, it can also create serious threat to a sensed nation's national security, if such high resolution images fall into a hostile group ie. terrorists. The United States, a leading nation for land remote sensing technology, has been preparing and developing legislative control measures against the remote sensing industry, and has successfully created various policies to do so. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's authority under the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, the US can restrict sensing and recording of resolution of 0.5 meter or better, and prohibit distributing/circulating any images for the first 24 hours. In 1994, Presidential Decision Directive 23 ordered a 'Shutter Control' policy that details heightened level of restriction from sensing to commercializing such sensitive data. The Directive 23 was even more strengthened in 2003 when the Congress passed US Commercial Remote Sensing Policy. These policies allow Secretary of Defense and Secretary of State to set up guidelines in authorizing land remote sensing, and to limit sensing and distributing satellite images in the name of the national security - US government can use the civilian remote sensing systems when needed for the national security purpose. The fact that the world's leading aerospace technology country acknowledged the magnitude of land remote sensing in the context of national security, and it has made and is making much effort to create necessary legislative measures to control the powerful technology gives much suggestions to our divided Korean peninsula. We, too, must continue working on the Korea National Space Development Act and laws to develop the necessary policies to ensure not only the development of space industry, but also to ensure the national security.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.191-199
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• 2005

The community structure, vertical distribution and harpacticoids composition of the meiofauna community were observed from five stations in Marian Cove, King George Island and one station on the northeastern side of Nelson Island. Sample was taken by a free-fall corer in December 2002. Generally, 11 taxa of meiofauna were found, and meiofauna abundance ranged from 322 to 1575 indiv. $10cm^{-2}$ (mean 781 indiv. $10cm^{-2}$). Nematodes were the most dominant group, making up $89\%$ of total meiofauna, followed by harpacticoids $(6.8\%)$. Benthic harpacticoids appeared 19 species of nine families at all the stations, and most various taxa appeared at station B (13 species of seven families). For vertical distribution, more than $70\%$ of meiofauna was concentrated in the upper $0\~2cm$ sediment layers, and the density abruptly decreased with depth in all the stations. Total biomass of meiofauna varied between 41 and $360{\mu}gC\;10cm^{-2}$, and overall mean biomass was $205{\mu}gC\;10cm^{-2}$. Also nematodes had the highest percentage of total maiofauna biomass $(62.4\%)$. The analysis results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis between meiofauna community and sediment grain size showed that polychaets, oligochaets and cumaceans were influenced by silt&cray, and sand, granule and pebble had a influence on harpacticoids, kinorhynchs and ostracods respectively. But nematodes were not affected by sediment grain size.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine if chlorine dioxide ($ClO_{2}$) gas might minimize microbial contamination of fresh produce. After exposing grapes to 20 ppm or 40 ppm of chlorine dioxide gas in a closed container, grapes treated with 20 ppm $ClO_{2}$ were packaged in Ny/PE/L-LDPE pouches, stapes treated with 40 ppm $ClO_{2}$ were placed in an empty corrugated box, and untreated control grapes were placed in a box with a sachet containing $ClO_{2}$ gas adsorbed to silica gel (a silica gel pad). The free volume of the sachet material allowed the release of $ClO_{2}$ gas into the headspace of packages containing fresh grapes. Control fruit not exposed to $ClO_{2}$, was placed in a box and stored at either $25^{\circ}C$ or $0^{\circ}C$. Fruit in Ny/PE/L-LDPE film treated with 20 ppm $ClO_{2}$ lost almost no weight during storage at either $25^{\circ}C$ or $0^{\circ}C$. Such fruit had a lower soluble solid content than did other fruit samples. Titratable acidity tended to fall rapidly during storage at either $25^{\circ}C$ or $0^{\circ}C$. Anthocyanin content of grapes decreased over 21 days at $25^{\circ}C$ but increased over 10 weeks at $0^{\circ}C$. The total microbial count of grapes treated with $ClO_{2}$ gas and silica gel pads were lower than controls at $25^{\circ}C$. Fruit treated with 20 ppm $ClO_{2}$ and packaged in Ny/PE/L-LDPE pouches had lower microbial counts than other fruit samples when stored at $0^{\circ}C$. The silica gel pad did not significantly improve total microbial count (compared to untreated control samples) at $0^{\circ}C$. This result may be attributed to a higher rate of diffusion of $ClO_{2}$ gas at room temperature.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2011

Nowadays there are a lot of issues about copyright infringement in the Internet world because the digital content on the network can be copied and delivered easily. Indeed the copied version has same quality with the original one. So, copyright owners and content provider want a powerful solution to protect their content. The popular one of the solutions was DRM (digital rights management) that is based on encryption technology and rights control. However, DRM-free service was launched after Steve Jobs who is CEO of Apple proposed a new music service paradigm without DRM, and the DRM is disappeared at the online music market. Even though the online music service decided to not equip the DRM solution, copyright owners and content providers are still searching a solution to protect their content. A solution to replace the DRM technology is digital audio watermarking technology which can embed copyright information into the music. In this paper, the author proposed a new audio watermarking algorithm with two approaches. First, the watermark information is generated by two dimensional barcode which has error correction code. So, the information can be recovered by itself if the errors fall into the range of the error tolerance. The other one is to use chirp sequence of CDMA (code division multiple access). These make the algorithm robust to the several malicious attacks. There are many 2D barcodes. Especially, QR code which is one of the matrix barcodes can express the information and the expression is freer than that of the other matrix barcodes. QR code has the square patterns with double at the three corners and these indicate the boundary of the symbol. This feature of the QR code is proper to express the watermark information. That is, because the QR code is 2D barcodes, nonlinear code and matrix code, it can be modulated to the spread spectrum and can be used for the watermarking algorithm. The proposed algorithm assigns the different spread spectrum sequences to the individual users respectively. In the case that the assigned code sequences are orthogonal, we can identify the watermark information of the individual user from an audio content. The algorithm used the Walsh code as an orthogonal code. The watermark information is rearranged to the 1D sequence from 2D barcode and modulated by the Walsh code. The modulated watermark information is embedded into the DCT (discrete cosine transform) domain of the original audio content. For the performance evaluation, I used 3 audio samples, "Amazing Grace", "Oh! Carol" and "Take me home country roads", The attacks for the robustness test were MP3 compression, echo attack, and sub woofer boost. The MP3 compression was performed by a tool of Cool Edit Pro 2.0. The specification of MP3 was CBR(Constant Bit Rate) 128kbps, 44,100Hz, and stereo. The echo attack had the echo with initial volume 70%, decay 75%, and delay 100msec. The sub woofer boost attack was a modification attack of low frequency part in the Fourier coefficients. The test results showed the proposed algorithm is robust to the attacks. In the MP3 attack, the strength of the watermark information is not affected, and then the watermark can be detected from all of the sample audios. In the sub woofer boost attack, the watermark was detected when the strength is 0.3. Also, in the case of echo attack, the watermark can be identified if the strength is greater and equal than 0.5.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1970

As an attempt to determine if the morphological differences between the southern and western oysters are due simply to the local ecological factors or are based on their fundamental genetic nature, oyster seeds produced in 1968 at Tong-Young, Ye-Chun, and Ko-Hung on the south coast and at Kan-Wol-Do on the west coast were cross-transplanted during May of 1969 to compare their growth. The spats were placed in plastic baskets which permitted free water flow through and the baskets hung from a wooden rack located at a tidal zone of less than I hour exposure at a depth chosen to keep the baskets submerged in water at all times. Twice a month the growth of the spats were measured along with the air and water temperature and salinity. The early summer spats, which were $17-240\%$ larger, in size, than the late summer spats at the time of cross-transplantation, grew more slowly than the late summer spats when exposed to identical environmental conditions, shortening the initial gap to a $5-20\%$ level as the first year of the growth phase came to an end in December. The growth of the Kan-Wol-Do spats lagged considerably behind the southern spats at all localities tested, whereas there were no significant differences among the latter groups. This suggests that the morphological differences between southern and western Pacific oysters in Korea are a manifestation of genetic variety and that Pacific oysters cultured along the south coast are of an identical variety as they are commonly believed to be. The seasonal changes in temperature and salinity even during rainy season in both the southern and western coastal areas are well within the range suitable for successful spawning, and spat fall. However, since the results were based on twice-a-month measurements with no data covering the critical period before and after spawning, they can only serve to indicate at best the general pattern of changes in the environmental conditions of each growing area.