• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.602-605
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• 2006

Effects of Codium fragile ext. on lipid lowering and antioxidant activities were investigated in hyperlipidemic rat. Concentration of FFA and triglyceride in plasma showed a tendency to decrease in Codium fragile ext. groups. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in Codium fragile ext. groupsshowed a low values than those of control group. However concentration of HDL-cholesterol showed no significant difference in all treatment groups. Concentration of liver total cholesterol and triglyceride showed a tendence to decrease in Codium fragile ext. groups. Concentration of plasma and liver TBARS showed a low values in Codium fragile ext. groups. The values of GSH-Px activity showed a tendency to increase in the Codium fragile ext. groups, However the values of SOD and CAT activity showed no significant difference in all treatment groups.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.108-117
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• 1994

Twenty nine children with autism and thirty children with mental retardation were examined for association between autism and chromosomal disorders including fragile X. The peripheral blood was cultured in Medium 199 with methotrexate and without methorexate for 70 hours. Thirty metaphase cells in each case were karyotyped in all samples. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 11 cases(37.9%) of autistic disorder and 10 cases (33.3%) of mental retardation, but in none of fragile(X)(q27.3) from all cases. Chromosomal abnormalities were present on group A, C, D and X in autistic disorder and on group A, B, C, D, E and X in mental retardation. No specific chromosomal region was found in both autistic disorder and mental retardation. Types of chromosomal disorders were only fragile and/or gap but no numerical abnormality was present in all cases. Number of cells which revealed fragile sites were 31 cells(3.6%) out of 870 cells in autistic disorder and 29 cells(3.2%) out of 900 cells in mental retardation Number of cells which revealed gaps were 43 cells(4.9%) out of 870 cells in autistic disorder and 35 cells(3.9%) out of 900 cells in mental retardation. Autistic disorder may not be directly correlated with fragile X but with nonspecific chromosomal breakages from these data.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2011

This work is focused on the possibility of marine biomass Codium fragile as renewable resources for production of levulinic acid. In an effort to optimize the reaction conditions of levulinic acid production from Codium fragile, response surface methodology was applied. A total of 18 individual experiments were designed to investigate the effect of reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and reaction time. As a result, 4.26 g/L levulinic acid from Codium fragile was produced in the condition of $160.7^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature, 3.9% of sulfuric acid, and 39.1 min of reaction time. This result will provide the useful information for chemical production from marine resource.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.2112-2115
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• 2005

This paper considers the synthesis of non-fragile $H_{\infty}$ state feedback controllers for singular systems and static state feedback controller with multiplicative uncertainty. The sufficient condition of controller existence, the design method of non-fragile $H_{\infty}$ controller, and the measure of non-fragility in controller are presented via LMI(linear matrix inequality) technique. Also, through singular value decomposition, some changes of variables, and Schur complements, the sufficient condition can be rewritten as LMI form in terms of transformed variables. Therefore, the obtained non-fragile $H_{\infty}$ controller guarantees the asymptotic stability and disturbance attenuation of the closed loop singular systems within a prescribed degree. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the design method.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.389-395
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• 2007

In this paper, we consider the robust non-fragile $H_{\infty}$ output feedback controller design method for uncertain descriptor systems with feedback and observer gain variations. The existence condition of observer-based robust and non-fragile $H_{\infty}$ output feedback controller and the controller design method are Presented on the basis of linear matrix inequality approach. The proposed robust non-fragile $H_{\infty}$ output feedback controller guarantees asymptotic stability, non-fragility, $H_{\infty}$ norm bound within a prescribed level in spite of disturbance, parameter uncertainty, and feedback/observer gain variations.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2008

Purpose : Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common heritable cause of cognitive impairment. FXS is caused by hyperexpansion and hypermethylation of a polymorphic CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the fragile X mental retadation-1(FMR1) gene. Combination of Southern blotting and simple polymerase chain reaction(PCR) amplification of the FMR1 repeat region is commonly used for diagnosis in females. To give a definite diagnosis in a female child suspected of having FXS, we carried out the molecular diagnostic test for FXS using the recently developed Abbott Molecular Fragile X PCR Kit. Methods : The PCR amplification of the FMR1 repeat region was performed using the Abbott Mdecular Fragile X PCR Kit. The amplified products were analyzed by size-separate analysis on 1.5% agarose gels and by DNA fragment analysis using Gene scan. Results : Agarose gel and Gene scan analyses of PCR products of the FMR1 repeat region showed that the patient had two heterozygous alleles with a normal 30 repeats and full mutation of >200 repeats whereas her mother had two heterozygous alleles with the normal 30 repeats and premutation of 108 repeats, suggesting that the premutation of 108 repeats in her mother may have led to the full mutation of >200 repeats in the patient. Conclusion : We diagnosed FXS in a female patient using a simplified molecular diagnostic test. This commercially available diagnostic test for FXS, based on PCR, may be a suitable alternative or complement method to Southern blot analysis and PCR analysis and/or methylation specific(MS)-PCR analysis for the molecular diagnosis of FXS in both males and females.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1103-1108
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• 2008

An investigation to determine frequency and distribution of folate sensitive chromosomal fragile sites was carried out in a Pakistani breed of Lohi sheep to uncover fragile site phenomena. The means and standard errors of aberrant cell count (AC) and Number of aberrations (NoA) in Lohi sheep were $0.56{\pm}0.15$ and $0.59{\pm}0.16$ in the control cultures. FUdR treated cells showed significantly higher (p<0.001) AC and NoA means ($2.18{\pm}0.33$ and $2.65{\pm}0.50$). The sex comparison for the frequency of expression indicated that males had significantly higher number of aberrant cells and total number of aberrations in FUdR cultures than the female group in Lohi sheep. The comparison of control cultures was however, not significantly different between the two groups. The regression analysis of FUdR-induced chromosomal fragility data analysis of the fragility data predicted very low ${\beta}$ of 0.325 and 0.412 for AC and NoA respectively. Lohi chromosomes expressed lesions in only 7 and 24 bands in the control and FUdR cultures respectively. The total number of significantly fragile bands in the Lohi genome was only 4. The X-chromosome of the Lohi sheep was highly stable at $5{\mu}g/ml$ FUdR with no fragile sites. The sex comparison for the distribution of fragile sites across the Lohi genome did not reveal any noticeable differences.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.393-398
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• 2005

Codium fragile is commercially farmed in Korea by natural blooming zygote attachment. Experiments found optimum conditions for artificial seed production and nursery culture of C. fragile by asexual reproduction. Isolated utricles and medullary filaments were regenerated to erect thalli using both indoor and outdoor culture experiments. Under the indoor culture conditions, irradiance was an important factor to control the development of erect thalli. Formation of erect thallus from the isolated medullary filaments in the indoor culture was induced after 30 days under $20^{\circ}C$ and $60{\mu}mol/m^2/sec$. The detachment of isolated utricles and medullary filaments from the substrates of seed strings was reduced by exposure to the air during 2 hrs before the indoor culture of seed strings. The maximum growth and development of erect thalli in the nursery culture was induced at a water depth of 0.5 m. Depending on the substrates of the seed strings the growth of erect thalli was not significantly different (p>0.05).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1361-1368
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• 2019

Codium fragile is an edible seaweed in Asian countries that has been used as a thrombolytic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory agent. Ginseng has also been known to maintain immune homeostasis and to regulate the immune system via enhancing resistance to diseases and microorganisms. In this study, anionic macromolecules extracted from C. fragile (CFAM) were orally administered with red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg body weight) to cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed male BALB/c mice to investigate the immune-enhancing cooperative effect of Codium fragile and red ginseng. Our results showed that supplementing CFAM with red ginseng extract significantly increased spleen index, T- and B-cell proliferation, NK cell activity, and splenic lymphocyte immune-associated gene expression compared to those with red ginseng alone, even though a high concentration of CFAM with red ginseng decreased immune biomarkers. These results suggest that CFAM can be used as a co-stimulant to enhance health and immunity in immunosuppressed conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-15
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• 2000

Objectives：There has been a rapid expansion of studies aimed at elucidating the genetic basis of autistic disorder, especially it’ relationship to fragile-X syndrome. The detection of fragile X chromosome(Xq27.3) by cytogenetic analysis has revealed many difficulties in testing. Therefore, to explore the relationship between autistic disorder and fragile X syndrome, this study administered molecular biologic methods which examined an unstable CGG repeat within the fragile X mental retardation-1(FMR-1) gene. Methods：Ninety nine autistic children and eight normal control children were tested. The number of CGG repeats within FMR-1 gene was measured after amplification by PCR, and cytogenetic analysis was also carried out to detect fragile site Xq27.3. Southern blot hybridization, using StB12.3 and/or Pfxa3 probe, was done for the patients showing expansion of more than 50 CGG repeats (premutation). Results：All but two autistic patients had no expansion in CGG repeats by PCR and there was no significant statistical difference in number of CGG repeat in comparison with normal control. Two autistic patients, considered as premutation by PCR analysis, had no full mutation or premutation by Southern blot hybridization. All autistic children tested did not have any abnormal karyotype or fragile site Xq27.3. Conclusions：These results suggest that autistic patients may not have abnormality in FMR-1 gene or abnormal expansion in CGG repeat. In conclusion, fragile X syndrome may not be antecedent of autistic disorder.