• Title/Summary/Keyword: Forwarding

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Efficient routing in multicast mesh by using forwarding nodes and weighted cost function

  • Vyas, Kapila;Khuteta, Ajay;Chaturvedi, Amit
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.13 no.12
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    • pp.5928-5947
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    • 2019
  • Multicast Mesh based Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) provide efficient data transmission in energy restraint areas without a fixed infrastructure. In this paper, the authors present an improved version of protocol SLIMMER developed by them earlier, and name it SLIMMER-SN. Most mesh-based protocols suffer from redundancy; however, the proposed protocol controls redundancy through the concept of forwarding nodes. The proposed protocol uses remaining energy of a node to decide its energy efficiency. For measuring stability, a new metric called Stability of Node (SN) has been introduced which depends on transmission range, node density and node velocity. For data transfer, a weighted cost function selects the most energy efficient nodes / most stable nodes or a weighted combination of both. This makes the node selection criteria more dynamic. The protocol works in two steps: (1) calculating SN and (2) using SN value in the weighted cost function for selection of nodes. The study compared the proposed protocol, with other mesh-based protocols PUMA and SLIMMER, based on packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end-to-end delay and average energy consumption under different simulation conditions. Results clearly demonstrate that SLIMMER-SN outperformed both PUMA and SLIMMER.

OBPF: Opportunistic Beaconless Packet Forwarding Strategy for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

  • Qureshi, Kashif Naseer;Abdullah, Abdul Hanan;Lloret, Jaime;Altameem, Ayman
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.2144-2165
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    • 2016
  • In a vehicular ad hoc network, the communication links are unsteady due to the rapidly changing topology, high mobility and traffic density in the urban environment. Most of the existing geographical routing protocols rely on the continuous transmission of beacon messages to update the neighbors' presence, leading to network congestion. Source-based approaches have been proven to be inefficient in the inherently unstable network. To this end, we propose an opportunistic beaconless packet forwarding approach based on a modified handshake mechanism for the urban vehicular environment. The protocol acts differently between intersections and at the intersection to find the next forwarder node toward the destination. The modified handshake mechanism contains link quality, forward progress and directional greedy metrics to determine the best relay node in the network. After designing the protocol, we compared its performance with existing routing protocols. The simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed protocol in terms of packet delay and data delivery ratio in realistic wireless channel conditions.

Energy Efficiency Enhancement of TICK -based Fuzzy Logic for Selecting Forwarding Nodes in WSNs

  • Ashraf, Muhammad;Cho, Tae Ho
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.12 no.9
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    • pp.4271-4294
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    • 2018
  • Communication cost is the most important factor in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as exchanging control keying messages consumes a large amount of energy from the constituent sensor nodes. Time-based Dynamic Keying and En-Route Filtering (TICK) can reduce the communication costs by utilizing local time values of the en-route nodes to generate one-time dynamic keys that are used to encrypt reports in a manner that further avoids the regular keying or re-keying of messages. Although TICK is more energy efficient, it employs no re-encryption operation strategy that cannot determine whether a healthy report might be considered as malicious if the clock drift between the source node and the forwarding node is too large. Secure SOurce-BAsed Loose Synchronization (SOBAS) employs a selective encryption en-route in which fixed nodes are selected to re-encrypt the data. Therefore, the selection of encryption nodes is non-adaptive, and the dynamic network conditions (i.e., The residual energy of en-route nodes, hop count, and false positive rate) are also not focused in SOBAS. We propose an energy efficient selection of re-encryption nodes based on fuzzy logic. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method achieves better energy conservation at the en-route nodes along the path when compared to TICK and SOBAS.

QuLa: Queue and Latency-Aware Service Selection and Routing in Service-Centric Networking

  • Smet, Piet;Simoens, Pieter;Dhoedt, Bart
    • Journal of Communications and Networks
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.306-320
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    • 2015
  • Due to an explosive growth in services running in different datacenters, there is need for service selection and routing to deliver user requests to the best service instance. In current solutions, it is generally the client that must first select a datacenter to forward the request to before an internal load-balancer of the selected datacenter can select the optimal instance. An optimal selection requires knowledge of both network and server characteristics, making clients less suitable to make this decision. Information-Centric Networking (ICN) research solved a similar selection problem for static data retrieval by integrating content delivery as a native network feature. We address the selection problem for services by extending the ICN-principles for services. In this paper we present Queue and Latency, a network-driven service selection algorithm which maps user demand to service instances, taking into account both network and server metrics. To reduce the size of service router forwarding tables, we present a statistical method to approximate an optimal load distribution with minimized router state required. Simulation results show that our statistical routing approach approximates the average system response time of source-based routing with minimized state in forwarding tables.

Fabrication and Characteristics of Flat-type $L_{-}$-$B_{8}$ Mode Ultrasonic Motors (평판형 종($L_{-}$-굴곡($B_{8}$)모드 초음파 전동기의 제작과 특성)

  • U, Sang-Ho;Lee, Eun-Hak;Kim, Jin-Su
    • The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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    • v.51 no.7
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    • pp.292-297
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    • 2002
  • In this paper, a flat-type $L_{-}$-$B_{8}$ mode Ultrasonic Motor[USM] having the size of 80 x 20 x ${1.5}mm^3$($l{\times}\omega{\times}t$) was designed and fabricated to examine the characteristics of an ultrasonic vibration. We used ANSYS simulation program based on FEM to get the optimum design of this USM. As results of experiment, the fastest speed of revolution(v), the maximum torque(T) and the efficiency(n) were 37.5cm/s, 5.0 mN.m and 1.17% when 27.9KHz, 150N, 50V were applied respectively. And this flat-type $L_{-}$-$B_{8}$ mode USM could be controlled the speed of rotor revolution by applied voltage, frequency and pre-load of rotor as well as showed the characteristics of typical drooping torque-speed, large torque and high speed. So, we think that this flat-type $L_{-}$-$B_{8}$ mode USM has characteristics of enough torque and velocity to be usable for applications in forwarding device of an electric card or a paper, etc.

Performance of GFR service for TCP traffic in ATM switches with FIFO shared buffer (FIFO 공유 버퍼를 갖는 ATM 스위치에서 TCP 트래픽을 위한 GFR 성능 평가)

  • Park Inyong
    • Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2005
  • ATM Form has defined the guaranteed frame rate (GFR) service to provide minimum cell rate (MCR) guarantees for TCP traffic in ATM networks and allow it to fairly share residual bandwidth. GFR switch implementation consists of the frame-based generic cell rate algorithm (F-GCRA) and a frame forwarding mechanism. The F-GCRA identifies frames that are eligible for an MCR guarantee. The frame forwarding mechanism buffers cells at a frame unit according to information provided by the F-GCRA and forwards the buffered cells to an output port according to its scheduling discipline. A simple GFR mechanism with shared buffer with a global threshold is a feasible implementation mechanism, but has been known that it is insufficient to guarantee the MCR. This paper has estimated performance of GFR service for TCP traffic over ATM switches with the simple FIFO-based mechanism

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Improved LC-trie for Efficient IP Address Lookup (효율적인 IP 주소 검색을 위한 개선된 LC-trie)

  • Kim, Jin-Soo;Kim, Jung-Hwan
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.50-59
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    • 2007
  • IP address lookup is one of the most important and complex functions in the router. In this paper, we propose an improved technique of LC-trie to increase the performance of IP address lookup in the high performance router. We effectively apply the prefix pruning method, which is used for the compression of the forwarding table in TCAM((Ternary Content Addressable Memory), to the LC-trie. This technique can decrease the number of memory accesses and upgrade the lookup speed. Moreover, through the real forwarding table and the real traffic distribution, we evaluate the performance of our scheme in terms of the lookup time and the number of memory access, comparing with that of the previous LC-trie.

Video Stream broadcast transmission optimization using MPLS Networks (MPLS망을 이용한 Video Stream 방송 전송 최적화 기법)

  • Hwang, Seong-Kyu
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.18 no.12
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    • pp.2871-2877
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    • 2014
  • Real-time communication and diversification of multimedia application services using high-capacity data over the Internet demand high speed connection, and real-time and high-speed access internet service such as multimedia make Internet traffic increase rapidly. Meanwhile, QoS (Quality of Service) of internet service is not satisfied. In this situation, ISP (Internet Service Provider) has been required to improve service quality and extend network according to the user's needs. This request includes issue of extending network focused on increasing router and the number of routing table as well as simply extending bandwidth.

IDNet: Beyond All-IP Network

  • Jung, Heeyoung;Lim, Wan-Seon;Hong, Jungha;Hur, Cinyoung;Lee, Joo-Chul;You, Taewan;Eun, Jeesook;Kwak, Byeongok;Kim, Jeonghwan;Jeon, Hae Sook;Kim, Tae Hwan;Chun, Woojik
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.833-844
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    • 2015
  • Recently, new network systems have begun to emerge (for instance, 5G, IoT, and ICN) that require capabilities beyond that provided by existing IP networking. To fulfill the requirements, some new networking technologies are being proposed. The promising approach of the new networking technology is to try to overcome the architectural limitations of IP networking by adopting an identifier (ID)-based networking concept in which communication objects are identified independently from a specific location and mechanism. However, we note that existing ID-based networking proposals only partially meet the requirements of emerging and future networks. This paper proposes a new ID-based networking architecture and mechanisms, named IDNet, to meet all of the requirements of emerging and future networks. IDNet is designed with four major functional blocks-routing, forwarding, mapping system, and application interface. For the proof of concept, we develop numeric models for IDNet and implement a prototype of IDNet.

Design of Single Rate Three Color Marker using FPGA (EPGA를 이용한 Single Rate Three Color Marker 설계)

  • Park, Chung-Kwan
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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    • v.42 no.12
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    • pp.141-148
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    • 2005
  • This paper addresses the design of srTCM (single rate Three Color Marker) described in RFC2697. It has proposed for srTCM to be used at the ingress of Differentiated Service network that provides AF PHB (Assured Forwarding Per Hop Behavior). srTCM is the marker with the metering function, and consists of the token updating function and the marking function. The token updating function uses the dual token bucket. The marking function compares the token values with the length of input packet, and then marks the result into IP QoS field (ToS field). This paper designs srTCM function and then implements it in one chip using VHDL and FPGA technology.